Category: Biology

PCR allows DNA to replicate by semi-conservative replication. But what word best describes the rate at which it amplifies?

PCR is an example of what type of DNA amplification?

Sometimes, two marker genes are used: The first marker gene is often an antibiotic resistance gene to show if the plasmid is present; the bacteria can only grow on a plate containing the antibiotic, if they have the antibiotic resistance gene on the plasmid. The second is often a gene with a colour change, which is broken by the insertion of the fragment.

e.g. An example of a gene to test for the presence of a fragment is Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) glowing or not. What would a bacterial plate look like that contained an antibiotic, and was spread with bacteria which had been transformed with a plasmid and had a new gene fragment in?

Using bacteria is an example of what type of DNA Amplification?

What is the active site of a restriction endonuclease complementary too?

What do we call enzymes that cut DNA at specific base sequences?

What effect will increased acetylation have on a gene?

Acetylation is the addition of a C2H3O group which contains a double bonded oxygen. Where does acetylation occur?

A methyl group has the structure CH3. Methylation is the addition of a methyl group onto what?

What substances can be used to take mature, differentiated adult cells, and de-differentiate them back into pluripotent stem cells ?(usually only found in embryos).

What are iPS cells?

What does the 'si' stand for in siRNA?

Which term is used to describe the full process of genetic code in DNA being turned into a polypeptide chain?

Which enzyme will the Oestrogen - Oestrogen Receptor ( OOR) activate?

Where is the oestrogen receptor located?

The mRNA travels to the ribosome, where it feeds between the two subunits, exposing the template bases. tRNA molecules each carry a specific amino acid at the top, with a complementary sequence of three bases called an anti-codon at the bottom. The tRNA anticodons then complementary base pair with the mRNA codon. In the ribosome there are 3 binding sites for tRNA, two where a peptide bond is formed between the carried amino acids.

These amino acids then form a ____10_____ chain which leaves the ribosome. The third site is a departure site, where the tRNA which has released its amino acid departs to pick up a new amino acid. Once the entire mRNA sequence has been ____11____, it can either pass into another ribosome to make another polypeptide or be degraded.

Fill in the missing word : Causes of Mutations A mutation is any change to the order of __12___ in the genetic code. These occur naturally as the enzyme _____13_____ replicates the DNA and makes mistakes. The incidence can also be produced due to exposure to certain agents called mutagenic agents.

These can be chemicals such as nitrous acid, which converts cytosine to uracil. Nitrous acid would therefore cause a __14___ mutation. Ethidium Bromide is used to stain DNA during gel electrophoresis. It can insert between bases, acting in a similar way to an addition mutation and therefore causing a __15___ along the rest of the gene. UV radiation is also a mutagenic agent.

It can cause bonds to form between pyrimidine bases ( thymine and cytosine). This bonding causes polymerases to misread or stop working all together at that point.

What type of mutation causes a sequence of bases to be reversed?

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop What would be the order of amino acids in a polypeptide coded from this sequence?

TTCTTGTTATCATAA

If a template strand has the code starting at the 5 prime end with 5' GCTAAGCA 3'. What would be the order the bases would be added to the new strand ?

Which of the following does NOT stop succession?

Which type of plants are more likely to be the pioneer species in secondary succession?

Which of the following is an example of secondary succession?

What is lichen made out of ?

A student is using a quadrat to estimate percentage cover of clover on the school field. What is the most accurate way to do this?

What is the equation for Mark Release Recapture?

You can also use a transect to sample a population. When should a transect be used?

Was the reduction in insects caused by the cold weather an abiotic factor or a biotic factor?

Is the following an 'Abiotic adaptation' or a 'Biotic Adaptation': Monarch butterflies fly south when the number of daylight hours shorten?

What is the word used to describe 'All the different populations in a habitat along with all the abiotic conditions'?

Which of the following isn't an example of genetic drift?

What type of variation is show in the graph?

Which type of selection is shown by Darwins finches, where small and large beaks were both at an advantage due to different food sources?

In peppered moths, having light coloured wings is dominant. In Sheffield (an industrial northern town in the UK) a sample of moths was taken. The numbers collected were 73 light coloured , and 326 dark coloured. What is the allele frequency ( as a decimal) of the light allele in the population?

In peppered moths, having light coloured wings is dominant. In Sheffield (an industrial northern town in the UK) a sample of moths was taken. The numbers collected were 73 light coloured , and 326 dark coloured. How many are heterozygotes?

The probability of an individual having Cyctic Fibrosis is about 1 in 2500 in the UK. What proportion of the population will be carriers?

Which statistical test would we use to see if the observed phenotypes are different from the expected phenotypes?

A codominant allele' is when both alleles are expressed. One breed of chickens can have Black feathers(B) or White feathers(W). What phenotype will a chicken have with the genotype BW ?

What is the best definition of a 'dominant allele'?

Which of the following is a feature of fast twitch muscle fibres when compared to slow twitch.

The image above shows a muscle fibre. Name organelle E

The image above shows a muscle fibre. Name organelle C

What is the structural adaptation which give cones high visual acuity compared to rod cells?

Layer B is the layer which contains the photoreceptor cells. What is it's name ? ( Type your answer).

Doctors investigated two ways of measuring the effect of general anaesthetics. In one method they timed how long it took to stop blinking, and then repeated the investigation using a machine to record when brain activity showed they were unconscious. Blinking involves cholinergic synapses. Anaesthetic S is a similar shape to acetylcholine. Suggest how anaesthetic S stops the transmission across the synapse.

What term is used to describe when more than one presynaptic neurone releases its neurotransmitter onto single post-synaptic neurone? ( Type your answer carefully)

What reduces the concentration of neurotransmitter in a synapse after it has diffused across?

On the diagram, which type of ion will D allow through when opened on an excitatory synapse?

Using the diagram, name B

Cells wrapped around peripheral neurones contain a membrane with a high content of a fatty substance forming a sheath.

What is the name of this fatty substance? ( Type your answer).

In the above diagram, which graph shows the correct effects of increasing a stimulus?

The period of time after an action potential, when another action potential cannot pass along that section of a neurone is called the ____________ period ( Watch your spelling).

What has happened at stage 5?

Name protein B in the above diagram.

Across a resting human neurone plasma membrane, what is the average potential difference?

Which word best describes the charge distribution across a resting axon plasma membrane?

What piece of equipment do animal scientists use to investigate the effect of different stimuli on invertebrates?

True or False : Taxis is when an organism either moves faster in harsh conditions or turns less in harsh conditions.

In root tips growing parallel to the soil, where will the highest concentration of IAA be found ?

Denitrifying bacteria use nitrates in the soil to carry out respiration and produce nitrogen gas. Are the vast majority aerobic or anaerobic?

The student found that the coloured liquid moved 1.5 cm in 24 hours. The diameter of the lumen (hole) of the capillary tubing was 1 mm.The volume of a capillary tubing is given by πr²l, where π is 3.14 and l = length. Calculate the volume of gas produced in cm³ hour^-1.

The above apparatus was left in a water bath until it reached a constant temperature. It was then left for one hour before starting. Why was it left for one hour before starting?

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'X'.

In which stage of respiration is oxygen required?

How many molecules of ATP are generated by oxidative phosphorylation in the ETC from one molecule of glucose?

Using the ETC, how many molecules of ATP can each reduced NAD generate?

What term is used to describe the whole process of using energy from electrons in Redox reactions to generate ATP called?

Name molecule 'Z'

Which part of the mitochondria is represented by B?

A single molecule of W is produced per turn of the Krebs cycle, and it carries hydrogen off to the ETC. What is it?

What happens to molecule C?

What is the net gain of molecule Z at the end of glycolysis?

How many carbons are present in triose phosphate?

Where does glycolysis occur?

Name the technique detailed in the above diagram ( spell it correctly!)

The solution in the above experiment had the same water potential, why is this important?

How many carbon atoms are there in substance A?

Name substance A

Where does the energy needed for the splitting of water originate?

Can extra methylation be removed from the DNA?

At the start of transcription, where does RNA polymerase bind?

The mRNA travels to the ribosome, where it feeds between the two subunits, exposing the template bases. tRNA molecules each carry a specific amino acid at the top, with a complementary sequence of three bases called an anti-codon at the bottom. The tRNA anticodons then complementary base pair with the mRNA codon. In the ribosome there are 3 binding sites for tRNA, two where a peptide bond is formed between the carried amino acids.

These amino acids then form a ____10_____ chain which leaves the ribosome. The third site is a departure site, where the tRNA which has released its amino acid departs to pick up a new amino acid. Once the entire mRNA sequence has been ____11____, it can either pass into another ribosome to make another polypeptide or be degraded.

Cancer is often caused by a mutation causing a cell to divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissues. Name the gene that normally slows or reduces cell division:

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop What would be the order of amino acids in a polypeptide coded from this sequence?

TTCTTGTTATCATAA

Natural Selection is when organisms which are better adapted are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Factors which affect the chance of survival are called selection pressures. These can be positive ( advantageous) or negative ( disadvantageous). Which of these is a negative selection pressure?

Marfan Syndrome ( TGF Beta) is dominant (T) to the healthy recessive allele(t) . Having a V shaped hairline (V) is dominant to having a straight hairline (v). What is the percentage probability of the offspring of a father = TtVv and a mother = TtVv would have Marfan Syndrome and a straight hair - line ?

In the above image, which type of protein makes up the myofilaments labelled C? type your answer in carefully.

What is the structural adaptation which give cones high visual acuity compared to rod cells?

Layer B is the layer which contains the photoreceptor cells. What is it's name ? ( Type your answer).

What would be a suitable control for Went's experiment ?

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'W'.

Is the column for Krebs in the above diagram correct?

Once 'W' reaches protein complex VI, what does it combine with to form water?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme used in the Krebs cycle to convert Citrate into the 5C intermediate. IDH1 is an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase. What would happen to the volume of Carbon dioxide produced by cells exposed to IDH1?

Name molecule Z

In the above experiment, what measurements should the student take to measure the rate of photosynthesis?

Which two products from the Light Dependent Reactions ( LDRs) does the Calvin Cycle use?

What is structure D?

What type of molecule will pick up the 'high energy' electrons in PSII?

PCR allows DNA to replicate by semi-conservative replication. But what word best describes the rate at which it amplifies?

What is the active site of a restriction endonuclease complementary too?

After fertilisation, zygotes ( fertilised eggs) divide by which process?

What forms the substrate in a Transcription complex formed from OOR and RNA Polymerase?

Cancer is often caused by a mutation causing a cell to divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissues. Name the gene that normally slows or reduces cell division:

Which of the following is not coded for by a gene?

What would you press to show a bacterial population graph , plotted with a log 10 scale, back into actual bacterial population?

Which type of selection is human birthweight showing? (As low birth - weight babies and high birth - weight babies are less likely to survive)

What is the probability of a colour- blind father and a homozygous dominant female having a colour blind child?

Put the following statements in order to explain what happens at an excitatory synapse:

• a) Voltage gated calcium channels open.
• b) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane
• c) If threshold is reached, an action potential is generated
• d) Calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic neurone.
• e) Arrival of an action potential
• f) Neurotransmitters bind to receptors with associated sodium channels
• g) Neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft
• h) Sodium ions diffuse into post synaptic membrane

Once an action potential has been generated, what causes the next section of the axon membrane to become depolarised?

What is the main function of the fatty substance wrapped around peripheral nerve axons?

In a resting neurone, why do potassium ions move out via ion channels?

The resting potential of a neurone is maintained in part, by the Sodium-potassium pump. But which of the following shows the correct movement of the ions?

Which of the following molecules require phosphorus? a) Protein b) DNA c) ATP

The above table shows the volume and density of a fresh wood sample, then the volume and density of the same sample after it was dried. Calculate the percentage of water in the sample (water weighs 1g / ml)

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'Y'.

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'W'.

How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of Citrate?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. The mutant plants produced more chlorophyll b . The scientists predicted the mutant plants would grow better in any light intensity; why might this be?

Nitrates and Phosphates are mostly soluble, so they can easily run off into waterways. What is this process called?

The above diagram shows the Phosphorus cycle. Name type of organism which carries out process A?

What are the strands of fungi called?

Nitrogen fixation from gas to compound, requires a large amount of energy (at least 16 ATP molecules and 8 electrons). A select few bacteria can carry out this task, but which of the following CANNOT fix nitrogen?

The diagram shows an Arctic food web. The arctic fox consumes a 35% share of the primary consumers, with the Gulls and skuas consuming 65%. The arctic fox achieves a 9% energy efficiency, from the total primary consumers productivity of 6,112kJ m^-2yr^-1. What is the productivity of the arctic fox?

The diagram shows a food web found in the arctic. the producers have a net productivity of 4.52 x 10 ^-3 kJ m^-2yr^-1-2yr^-1

In the formula for the calculation of NPP, what does the 'R' stand for?

What is the formula for NPP?

What would be the most appropriate units for measuring biomass?

The diagram above shows one form of anaerobic respiration, name molecule 'Y'.

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'Z'.

In which stage of respiration is oxygen required?

As the ETC flows, what will happen to the pH of A?

Where does the Electron Transfer Chain ( ETC) occur?

How many carbon atoms are in a single molecule of Oxaloacetate?

Which two processes turn Citrate into the 5C intermediate?

Why did the student set up tube 1?

If 'X' on graph A represents 'Light Intensity', what effect would increasing carbon dioxide have on the line (represented in green on the diagram)?

In the above experiment, a 'starting line' is drawn in pencil. What is the name of the starting line - The ______(spell it correctly!)

Name the enzyme that converts A to B.

Which protein found in a myofilament has multiple globular heads? (Type your answer carefully).

Which of the above diagrams represents the myofilaments a 'Z line' in muscle?

Which of the above diagrams represents the myofilaments an 'M line' in muscle?

Which of the above diagrams represents either end of an 'A Band' in muscle?

The muscle filament in the above diagram is relaxed, what would happen to the following zones when it contracts?

The image above shows a muscle fibre. What is the function of organelle E?

The image above shows a muscle fibre. Name organelle E

When light falls on cells 1 and 2, only one spot of light is seen. But, when light falls on cells 2 and 3, two spots of light are seen. Say why?

What is the stimulus detected by a Pacinian corpuscle? (type your answer)

What effect do inhibitory synapses have on the post-synaptic membrane?

What reduces the concentration of neurotransmitter in a synapse after it has diffused across?

Once an action potential has been generated, why is the wave of depolarisation only in one direction?

In order for an action potential to be triggered, a certain number of sodium channels must open, each setting a change in the potential difference.

What name is given to this change in potential difference that must be reached ? (Type your answer)

Which of the events ( A- F above) requires ATP ? ( Type the letter in the box)

Name protein C in the above diagram.

In a resting neurone, why do potassium ions move out via ion channels?

Which word best describes the charge distribution across a resting axon plasma membrane?

In the above experiment on woodlice, how would you make the method more valid?

Woodlice are more stationary with increased humidity. Is this taxis or kinesis?

Maggots follow a scent up a concentration gradient towards a food source. Is this taxis or kinesis?

Between stages B and C, what will happen to soil depth?

What do we call a stage of succession?

What is the equation for Mark Release Recapture?

You can also use a transect to sample a population. When should a transect be used?

Was the reduction in insects caused by the cold weather an abiotic factor or a biotic factor?

What is the word used to describe 'The specific role of a species within its habitat'?

An alteration in bird calls caused by difference in beak size, preventing mating calls between individuals of the same population is an example of what type of speciation?

What type of speciation is caused by a physical barrier between two populations such as a body of water?

What type of variation is show in the graph?

Which of the following is not a cause of variation?

The probability of an individual having Cyctic Fibrosis is about 1 in 2500 in the UK. What proportion of the population will be carriers?

The Hardy Weinberg principle only applies to a population that is or has____.

This gene interaction once again alters the phenotype ratio. Which type of Epistatic allele will produce a ratio of 9:3:4?

Being colour blind is a sex-linked disorder. What is the probability of an unaffected male having a colour- blind child with a heterozygous female?

How can you tell from a pedigree (family tree) that a trait is sex linked?

If B = black, W = white and BW = speckled feathers in hens. Two heterozygous speckled hens mated, what will the ratios be of offspring that are black : speckled : white?

A codominant allele' is when both alleles are expressed. One breed of chickens can have Black feathers(B) or White feathers(W). What phenotype will a chicken have with the genotype BW ?

How could you tell if Marfan Syndrome is Dominant by looking at a pedigree ( family tree)?

What is the best definition of a 'dominant allele'?

We cannot see the proteins made by recombinant plasmids, nor the plasmids themselves. How do we know the bacteria have been transformed properly and contain a recombinant plasmid ( = plasmid and new gene fragment) ?

If we cut out a human gene using restriction enzymes and ligate it into a plasmid using ligase, then that plasmid is now 'Recombinant'. What do we call the process of putting the recombinant plasmid into bacteria?

What do we call it if the restriction enzyme cuts both strands of DNA in a staggered position to create an overhang?

What do we call it if the restriction enzyme cuts both strands of DNA in the same place?

What is the active site of a restriction endonuclease complementary too?

What effect will having a high methylation of a promoter sequence , have on expression of that gene?

Which type of stem cells are not found in adults?

In humans, the zygote ( fertilised egg ) divides into a ball of cells called a Morula. What word describes the cells contained in a morula?

What does the 'si' stand for in siRNA?

Which enzyme is used during transcription?

Which of the following would NOT increase your exposure to oestrogen?

If hypomethylation ( reduced methylation) happens to a tumour suppressor gene what effect will this have on the rate of mitosis?

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop What would be the order of amino acids in a polypeptide coded from this sequence?

TTCTTGTTATCATAA

What does the term 'Degenerate' mean when referring to the genetic code?

Which of the following carries the code for the order of amino acids?

Which of the following is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?

Which direction can DNA polymerase only extend the new strand of DNA?

Each complementary strand of DNA runs in opposite directions. What word describes this?

Which two molecules does DNA Polymerase join together?

Which of the following is NOT a difference between RNA and DNA?

How many different combinations of maternal / paternal chromosomes are there if there are 23 pairs?

How does recombination increase variation?

What do H and h represent?

What is translocation the movement of?

What has happened at position A?

What is the stroke volume of a patient if their cardiac output is 3500 cm³ min^-1, and their heart rate is 70 bpm?

Where in a human, is the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen the lowest?

Why do some xerophytes have hairs over the stomatal pits?

What is the correct term for the cells which make up the alveolar wall?

Some animals are adapted to a lower environmental temperature. Which of the following is an example of this?

To calculate the 'Mitotic Index' you need to stain your root tip cells. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate stain to view Chromosomes with?

At the end of telophase, the cytoplasm cleaves. What is this process called? ( spell it correctly)

The diagram shows the cell cycle. What does 'M' stand for in the diagram? ( Spell it correctly)

How are the circular chromosomes separated in prokaryotic reproduction?

Water has a high specific heat capacity, why is this useful to organisms?

The average human makes and breaks-down its own body mass in ATP every day ( approximately 70 kg). Why is this?

Which line shows the rate when substrate is limited ?

What do we mean by the 'Primary Structure' of a protein?

What is wrong with amino acid C?

What are the products of a condensation reaction between two alpha glucose molecules?

An ion with a negative charge is called an anion. Which of the following is NOT an anion?

The average human makes and breaks-down its own body mass in ATP every day ( approximately 70 kg). Why is this?

What type of molecule is part C ?

What does ATP stand for?

Which of the following is not true of RNA?

True or False : Endothermic enzyme controlled reactions do not require activation energy?

Enzymes are biological catalysts: they speed up reactions. This allows the reactions to happen at...

What colour shows a positive result?

What is the next reagent to be added after this initial treatment?

Glycine and Alanine are two common amino acids. How are their structures different to each other?

Which is the correct structure for an amino acid?

What elements are lipids made out of?

What type of glycosidic bond form the main body for the branches?

The animal branched molecule, has many more branches than the plant version. Why is this?

Which monomer is the animal storage polysaccharide made out of ?

Which polysaccharide do animal cells use as storage?

It forms strong, straight fibres called what ?

What type of bond forms amylose?

How do you convert sucrose (which will test negative for a reducing sugar) , into monosaccharides which will test positive as a reducing sugar?

Does this diagram show a glycosidic bond?

On the above diagram, where would an antigen bind?

Which type of cell activates other immune cells in an immune response?

On the diagram above, which structure is a lysosome?