The Transfer of Energy

Name structure B

Name structure E

Which letter represents a lamella?

In the chloroplast, many chlorophyll molecules (and other pigments) are attached to protein complexes in the internal membranes, labelled 'A' on the diagram. What are these complexes called ? ( Plural please!)

What molecule is represented by 'B' on the diagram?

Which membrane is represented by 'C' on the diagram?

Which term best describes what happens to the electrons when light hits the primary pigment (or reaction centre)?

High energy' electrons leave the chlorophyll molecule: What state does that leave the chlorophyll molecule in?

What type of molecule will pick up the 'high energy' electrons in PSII?

In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons that leave the chlorophyll are replaced by the splitting of water. What is the name of this process?

The splitting of water at PSII creates molecules A & B, what do A and B represent?

Where does the energy needed for the splitting of water originate?

What type of molecule is represented by 'C'?

What is structure D?

Once light has hit structure D, and the electrons have left the chlorophyll, they can either be passed on to form F or follow path 'G'. What is path 'G'?

Why can it be advantageous to a plant for more of process 'G' to occur?

What does molecule 'H' represent?

Which chemical does 'E' represent?

Which chemical does 'F' represent?

The transfer of electrons along the carrier proteins causes hydrogen ions to be moved across the membrane, causing a proton concentration gradient. the protons than pass back through the membrane creating ATP. What is the name of this process involving using electrons to produce a concentration gradient?

Where in a chloroplast do the Light Independent Reactions ( LIRs) occur? ( watch your spelling!)

Which two products from the Light Dependent Reactions ( LDRs) does the Calvin Cycle use?

Name substance A

How many carbon atoms are there in substance A?

Name substance D

Name substance B

How many carbon atoms are there in ONE molecule of substance B?

Name molecule F

Name the enzyme that converts A to B.

What does substance H do to substance B?

Name substance C

How many atoms of carbon in ONE molecule of substance C?

Which substance goes on to create other organic molecules?

How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to balance the number of carbon atoms to produce one glucose molecule?

How many molecules of C are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

How many molecules of D are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

If six molecules of molecule C are produced, how many will be regenerated into substance A?

How many molecules of ATP are required to generate TWO molecules of glucose ?

Which substance is represented by I?

How many molecules of H are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

In the above experiment, what measurements should the student take to measure the rate of photosynthesis?

Other than temperature and pH, give two factors that the student should keep constant in the above experiment.

A buffer was not used in the above experiment, what would happen to the pH during the experiment.

Which wavelength of light would the rate of photosynthesis be lowest in the above experiment?

Which wavelengths would the rate of photosynthesis be highest in the above experiment?

The solution in the above experiment had the same water potential, why is this important?

Why did the student set up tube 1?

Explain the results in tube 3.

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. Why did the scientists measure the rate of oxygen produced?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. In each trial scientists collected oxygen for 15 minutes. Calculate the difference in oxygen produced from mutant plants at low and high light intensities at a light intensity of 500 μmol photons m^–2s^–1. Measured in μmol O2 mg^–1 hour^–.

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. The mutant plants produced more chlorophyll b . The scientists predicted the mutant plants would grow better in any light intensity; why might this be?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. What is the saturation point of Normal plants grown in high light?

Name the technique detailed in the above diagram ( spell it correctly!)

In the above experiment, a 'starting line' is drawn in pencil. What is the name of the starting line - The ______(spell it correctly!)

True or False - Using a different solvent does not alter the distance travelled by different substances in this technique?

How do you calculate the Rf value for a substance?

Using the information off the diagram, calculate the Rf value for carotene.

Which graph represents the effect of changing the concentration of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis?

Which graph represents the effect of changing the temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?

If 'X' on graph A represents 'Light Intensity', what effect would increasing carbon dioxide have on the line (represented in green on the diagram)?

Where does glycolysis occur?

Glycolysis usually shows the breakdown of glucose, but is glucose the only respiratory substrate which can feed into glycolysis?

What is the first process to happen in glycolysis?

How many carbons are present in glucose phosphate?

How many carbons are present in hexose bisphosphate?

How many phosphate groups are present in hexose bisphosphate?

How many carbons are present in triose phosphate?

Name molecule Z

Name molecule Y

Name molecule X

How many carbon atoms does molecule X contain?

What is the net gain of molecule Y at the end of glycolysis?

What is the net gain of molecule Z at the end of glycolysis?

What happens to triose phosphate when it is converted to molecule X?

What happens to molecule Y during the conversion of triose phosphate to molecule X?

What happens to molecule X after it has been generated?

Name the above process: The ______ _________

What is represented by molecule C?

What is represented by molecule D?

How many reduced NADs have been produced from one glucose molecule by the end of the link reaction?

How many pyruvate molecules are made from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?

How many carbon atoms are carried into the Krebs cycle in each Acetyl Co A?

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

How many times does the Krebs cycle happen per glucose molecule?

Molecule B enters the Krebs cycle from the link reaction, what is it ?

What happens to molecule C?

How many carbon atoms are in a single molecule of molecule B?

How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of Citrate?

Which two processes turn Citrate into the 5C intermediate?

Which molecule is represented by Y?

How many molecules of Y will be produced by the krebs cycle from a single molecule of glucose?

A single molecule of W is produced per turn of the Krebs cycle, and it carries hydrogen off to the ETC. What is it?

Molecule Z represents ATP. How is this molecule of ATP generated?

How many carbon atoms are in a single molecule of Oxaloacetate?

If 3 million molecules of glucose are respired aerobically, how many molecules of CO₂ will be produced by the Krebs Cycle?

If 5 glucose molecules are respired, how many molecules of CO₂ will be produced from Glycolysis, Link reaction and the Krebs cycle?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme used in the Krebs cycle to convert Citrate into the 5C intermediate. IDH1 is an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase. What would happen to the volume of Carbon dioxide produced by cells exposed to IDH1?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme used in the Krebs cycle to convert Citrate into the 5C intermediate. IDH1 is an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase. What would happen to the concentration of Oxaloacetate produced by cells exposed to IDH1 ?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme used in the Krebs cycle to convert Citrate into the 5C intermediate. IDH1 is an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase. What would happen to the concentration of Acetyl Co A produced by cells exposed to IDH1?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme used in the Krebs cycle to convert Citrate into the 5C intermediate. IDH1 is an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase. If IDH1 acted as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, how would it reduce enzyme activity?

Where does the Electron Transfer Chain ( ETC) occur?

Which of the following substances is NOT a co-enzyme?

How many molecules of reduced NAD ( or NADH) are generated in aerobic respiration from one molecule of glucose?

Which part of the mitochondria is represented by A?

Which part of the mitochondria is represented by B?

What is represented by molecule Y?

What is passed along the 4 protein complexes - represented by 'W' on the diagram?

What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC?

Once 'W' reaches protein complex VI, what does it combine with to form water?

As the ETC flows, what will happen to the pH of A?

Name molecule 'Z'

The ETC develops a proton gradient as the electrons pass through. What is the process of these protons moving down an electrochemical gradient called?

What should go in box 'X'?

What term is used to describe the whole process of using energy from electrons in Redox reactions to generate ATP called?

Using the ETC, how many molecules of ATP can each reduced NAD generate?

Using the ETC, how many molecules of ATP can each reduced FAD generate?

How many molecules of ATP are generated by oxidative phosphorylation in the ETC from one molecule of glucose?

How many molecules of ATP are generated in aerobic respiration from one glucose molecule entering glycolysis, to the end of the ETC?

Is the column for glycolysis in the above diagram correct?

Is the column for the link reaction in the above diagram correct?

Is the column for Krebs in the above diagram correct?

Is the column for the ETC reaction in the above diagram correct?

Is this the correct equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells? : Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Lactic Acid

Is this the correct equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast cells? : Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Ethanol

In which stage of respiration is oxygen required?

If oxygen isn't available, which substance cannot be regenerated in high enough amounts to keep the system running?

In the absence of oxygen as the final electron acceptor, some processes of aerobic respiration cannot occur. Some of the processes however can continue, which is the last stage that can still function?

The diagram above represents anaerobic respiration in which type of organism?

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'X'.

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'W'.

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'Y'.

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'Z'.

The diagram above shows anaerobic respiration in which type of organism?

The diagram above shows one form of anaerobic respiration, name molecule 'Y'.

The diagram above shows one form of anaerobic respiration, name molecule 'Z'.

Anaerobic respiration allows the regeneration of NAD+ in all organisms, which allows glycolysis to continue. How many ATP's are gained during anaerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?

The above apparatus was left in a water bath until it reached a constant temperature. It was then left for one hour before starting. Why was it left for one hour before starting?

In this investigation, are the yeast respiring anaerobically or aerobically ?

Which direction would the bubble move in the above experiment?

The student found that the coloured liquid moved 1.5 cm in 24 hours. The diameter of the lumen (hole) of the capillary tubing was 1 mm.The volume of a capillary tubing is given by πr²l, where π is 3.14 and l = length. Calculate the volume of gas produced in cm³ hour^-1.

Which of the following is NOT an accurate way of measuring biomass?

What would be the most appropriate units for measuring biomass?

Which would be the most accurate method of sampling dry biomass?

What does GPP stand for?

What does GPP represent in a given area?

What is the formula for NPP?

Suggest the most appropriate units for primary productivity.

In the formula for the calculation of NPP, what does the 'R' stand for?

In a woodland, 8,150 kJ m^-2yr^-1 is lost as heat from respiration. The gross primary productivity of the wood is15,000 kJ m^-2yr^-1. What is the net primary productivity of the woodland?

The above table shows the volume and density of a fresh wood sample, then the volume and density of the same sample after it was dried. Calculate the percentage of water in the sample (water weighs 1g / ml)

If N = Net productivity, F = Energy in food, U = Energy lost in Faeces and Urine, R = Energy lost in Respiration. What would be the formula for Net productivity?

It has been estimated that an area of 8000m² is needed to keep a cow. The productivity of grass in the UK is 18,000 kJ m^-2yr^-1

The diagram shows a food web found in the arctic. the producers have a net productivity of 4.52 x 10 ^-3 kJ m^-2yr^-1-2yr^-1

The diagram shows an Arctic food web. The arctic fox consumes a 35% share of the primary consumers, with the Gulls and skuas consuming 65%. The arctic fox achieves a 9% energy efficiency, from the total primary consumers productivity of 6,112kJ m^-2yr^-1. What is the productivity of the arctic fox?

The diagram shows an Arctic food web. Why is the energy efficiency between Forbs and Rock Ptarmigan lower than that between a Rock Ptarmigan and an Arctic Fox?

a) Because more of the body of the Ptarmigan is eaten than the Frobs.

b) Because more of the Ptarmigan is digested and absorbed (assimilated)

c) Because a Ptarmigan is bigger than a Forbs

Which term describes an organism which feeds on dead organic matter and digests their food externally? (watch your spelling)

External digestion involves the secretion of enzymes outside of the organisms outer-most layer. Which term best describes this?

Many decomposers secrete enzymes to digest organic matter, then absorb the products they require. The digested products which are not required remain in the soil. The digestion of which organic substance will result in the presence of ammonia in the soil?

This diagram shows part of the nitrogen cycle. Which two processes form nitrification?

This diagram shows part of the nitrogen cycle. Which type of organism carry out process A?

This diagram shows part of the Nitrogen cycle. Name process E

Which process can occur due to the actions of Nitrosomonas bacteria?

Which process can occur due to the actions of Nitrosomonas bacteria?

Which process can occur due to the actions of Nitrobacter bacteria?

Denitrifying bacteria use nitrates in the soil to carry out respiration and produce nitrogen gas. Are the vast majority aerobic or anaerobic?

Nitrogen fixation from gas to compound, requires a large amount of energy (at least 16 ATP molecules and 8 electrons). A select few bacteria can carry out this task, but which of the following CANNOT fix nitrogen?

Which stage of the nitrogen cycle does the above equation represent?

Some fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. What are these fungi/root structures called?

What are the strands of fungi called?

True or False : Fungi can increase the surface area of roots

True or False : Fungi can increase the uptake of water by a plant

True or False : Fungi can increase the uptake of inorganic ions from the soil by a plant.

True or False : Symbiotic fungi generally increase the amount of glucose in a plant.

Which of the following molecules require phosphorus? a) Protein b) DNA c) ATP

The above diagram shows the Phosphorus cycle. Name type of organism which carries out process A?

The above diagram shows the phosphorus cycle. Name process B

What is 'Guano'?

The concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the soil can be increased by the addition of fertiliser, but what ecological damage can this cause?

Nitrates and Phosphates are mostly soluble, so they can easily run off into waterways. What is this process called?

Put the following into the correct order:

a) Lower plants die due to lack of photosynthesis.
b)Fish die due to lack of dissolved oxygen.
c) Decomposers respire aerobically to decompose the dead plant matter.
d) Increased algae blocks out the light.
e) Minerals leach into the waterway.
f) Increased minerals cause an algae to grow rapidly.