Biology Random Retrieval Y13

PCR allows DNA to replicate by semi-conservative replication. But what word best describes the rate at which it amplifies?

The deoxyribose sugar at the end of a DNA molecule can either have a bond available to join with carbon number 3 ( 3' or 3 prime) or carbon number 5 (5' or 5 prime). DNA polymerase can only join to one end, which end can it bind to and then extend?

Name the method by which DNA replicates.

What is the word used to describe 'Populations of different species in specific habitat'?

Which of the following isn't an example of genetic drift?

Why are women far less likely to show sex linked disorders?

Which type of allele tends to be sex linked?

What is the best definition of a 'recessive allele'?

Which of the following are features of slow twitch muscle fibres:

A)Lots of aerobic respiration
B)Lots of mitochondria
C)Low levels of myoglobin

Can the potential difference created by a receptor have different values depending on the size of the stimulus?

What is the main function of the fatty substance wrapped around peripheral nerve axons?

In a resting neurone, why do potassium ions move out via ion channels?

Which of the following is true?

Which of the following molecules require phosphorus? a) Protein b) DNA c) ATP

The above table shows the volume and density of a fresh wood sample, then the volume and density of the same sample after it was dried. Calculate the percentage of water in the sample (water weighs 1g / ml)

What term is used to describe the whole process of using energy from electrons in Redox reactions to generate ATP called?

Where does the Electron Transfer Chain ( ETC) occur?

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

How many pyruvate molecules are made from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?

What is structure D?

Which process can occur due to the actions of Nitrosomonas bacteria?

It has been estimated that an area of 8000m² is needed to keep a cow. The productivity of grass in the UK is 18,000 kJ m^-2yr^-1

In the formula for the calculation of NPP, what does the 'R' stand for?

What would be the most appropriate units for measuring biomass?

In this investigation, are the yeast respiring anaerobically or aerobically ?

In which stage of respiration is oxygen required?

A single molecule of W is produced per turn of the Krebs cycle, and it carries hydrogen off to the ETC. What is it?

What happens to molecule C?

What happens to molecule Y during the conversion of triose phosphate to molecule X?

How many carbons are present in hexose bisphosphate?

What is the first process to happen in glycolysis?

In the above experiment, a 'starting line' is drawn in pencil. What is the name of the starting line - The ______(spell it correctly!)

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. Why did the scientists measure the rate of oxygen produced?

Which wavelengths would the rate of photosynthesis be highest in the above experiment?

How many molecules of ATP are required to generate TWO molecules of glucose ?

What does substance H do to substance B?

Name molecule F

What is structure D?

What type of molecule is represented by 'C'?

The splitting of water at PSII creates molecules A & B, what do A and B represent?

Which of the following is a feature of fast twitch muscle fibres when compared to slow twitch.

In the sliding filament theory, what causes the actin-myosin binding site to be exposed?

Which of the above diagrams represents either end of an 'A Band' in muscle?

What is the structural adaptation which give cones high visual acuity compared to rod cells?

Layer B is the layer which contains the photoreceptor cells. What is it's name ? ( Type your answer).

When the layers of connective tissue are pressed, what happens to the neurone membrane?

Synaptic knobs contain mitochondria, which of the following is NOT a use of ATP in the presynaptic neurone?

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory depends on what?

On the diagram, F is a voltage gated ion channel on an excitatory synapse, but which type of ion does it allow through?

Using the diagram, name B

What the the tiny gaps called labelled X on the above diagram? ( Type your answer)

The period of time after an action potential, when another action potential cannot pass along that section of a neurone is called the ____________ period ( Watch your spelling).

What has happened at stage 5?

What causes a change in the type of channels that are open at stage '4' ?

What ion is moving during process '3' on the above diagram?

In a resting neurone, why do potassium ions move out via ion channels?

Which word best describes the charge distribution across a resting axon plasma membrane?

In the above experiment on woodlice, what is the Independent variable?

Mica is like thin glass, and is impermeable to most substances. What does Boysen Jensen's experiment inserting mica show ?

What does Darwin's experiment where he placed a black cover over the tip show?

What is it called when succession is stopped artificially?

Which type of plants are more likely to be the pioneer species in secondary succession?

Which stage represents lichen and mosses?

True or false : Succession involves only the change of biotic factors ( Not abiotic).

Using mark release recapture, what would the population of woodlice be if : 27 were caught in the first sample , and 16 unmarked caught in the second, and 3 were marked?

Which method would you use to see if there is a correlation between profile height and percentage cover of marsh grass?

Why is random sampling used?

What should you use to estimate a population of a sessile organism?

What is the word used to describe 'All the different populations in a habitat along with all the abiotic conditions'?

Which type of selection is when the number of individuals with a particular characteristic, increase around an extreme or outlier value?

Natural Selection is when organisms which are better adapted are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Factors which affect the chance of survival are called selection pressures. These can be positive ( advantageous) or negative ( disadvantageous). Which of these is a negative selection pressure?

In peppered moths, having light coloured wings is dominant. In Sheffield (an industrial northern town in the UK) a sample of moths was taken. The numbers collected were 73 light coloured , and 326 dark coloured. What is the allele frequency ( as a decimal) of the light allele in the population?

In peppered moths, having light coloured wings is dominant. In Sheffield (an industrial northern town in the UK) a sample of moths was taken. The numbers collected were 73 light coloured , and 326 dark coloured. What proportion of all alleles are for the dark one?

All the alleles of every gene in a breeding population' is the definition for what?

A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at a particular time' is the definition for what?

In hamsters two genes are autosomally linked : Fur and Eye colour . Where Ginger fur = G, and White fur =g. Black eyes = B and red eyes = b. In a cross between a homozygous recessive male for both traits and a heterozygous female for both traits , what would be the expected ratio of Ginger & Black eye, White and Black eye, ginger and red eye and white with red eyes?

What is the probability of a colour- blind father and a homozygous dominant female having a colour blind child?

How could you tell if Marfan Syndrome is Dominant by looking at a pedigree ( family tree)?

What is the best definition of a 'recessive allele'?

What is a gene?

Why do we need two primers in PCR?

Using bacteria is an example of what type of DNA Amplification?

How would the cDNA base sequence of a gene differ to the normal genomic base sequence of a gene?

Which enzyme do we use to convert mRNA into cDNA?

Sometimes when trying to find a gene which important in a particular disease, it is useful to find out what genes the diseased cells have used (expressed) by extracting mRNA rather than DNA. However, mRNA cannot be used in genetic modifications. What do we need to change it into to be able to use it?

Cardiomyocytes are an example of what type of stem cell?

Which level of protein structure will the binding of oestrogen alter?

Where are transcription factors often stored?

At the start of transcription, where does RNA polymerase bind?

The mRNA travels to the ribosome, where it feeds between the two subunits, exposing the template bases. tRNA molecules each carry a specific amino acid at the top, with a complementary sequence of three bases called an anti-codon at the bottom. The tRNA anticodons then complementary base pair with the mRNA ____8____.

In the ribosome there are 3 binding sites for tRNA, two where a ____9____ bond is formed between the carried amino acids. These amino acids then form a ____10_____ chain which leaves the ribosome. The third site is a departure site, where the tRNA which has released its amino acid departs to pick up a new amino acid.

Once the entire mRNA sequence has been ____11____, it can either pass into another ribosome to make another polypeptide or be degraded.

What is the removal of introns called?

Which enzyme is used during transcription?

Fill in the missing word : Causes of Mutations A mutation is any change to the order of __12___ in the genetic code. These occur naturally as the enzyme _____13_____ replicates the DNA and makes mistakes. The incidence can also be produced due to exposure to certain agents called mutagenic agents.

These can be chemicals such as nitrous acid, which converts cytosine to uracil. Nitrous acid would therefore cause a __14___ mutation. Ethidium Bromide is used to stain DNA during gel electrophoresis. It can insert between bases, acting in a similar way to an addition mutation and therefore causing a __15___ along the rest of the gene.

UV radiation is also a mutagenic agent. It can cause bonds to form between pyrimidine bases ( thymine and cytosine). This bonding causes polymerases to misread or stop working all together at that point.

What word describes when a mutation causes all the following triplet codes to be misread in a different frame?

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop Here is the original sequence : TTCTTGTTATCATAA. Here is a mutated sequence: TTCTTATTATCATAA.

Will this mutation affect the primary structure of the polypeptide ?

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop What would be the order of amino acids in a polypeptide coded from this sequence?

TTCTTGTTATCATAA

What is the position of gene on a chromosome called?

Name the type of bond which forms the backbone of the DNA strand.

Which component of a nucleotide contains nitrogen atoms?

Name the components of a DNA nucleotide.