Biology Random Retrieval Y13

What is the active site of a restriction endonuclease complementary too?

Which enzyme will the Oestrogen - Oestrogen Receptor ( OOR) activate?

What attracts new 'free' nucleotides to the exposed template strand during DNA replication?

Name the type of reaction that joins the nucleotides together.

What is humus?

Which of the following is an abiotic factor which effects population size?

In peppered moths, having light coloured wings is dominant. In Sheffield (an industrial northern town in the UK) a sample of moths was taken. The numbers collected were 73 light coloured , and 326 dark coloured. How many are heterozygotes?

A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at a particular time' is the definition for what?

Which chromosome carries the sex linked alleles?

Marfan Syndrome ( TGF Beta) is dominant (T) to the healthy recessive allele(t) . Having a V shaped hairline (V) is dominant to having a straight hairline (v). What percentage of the offspring of a father = TtVv and a mother TtVv will have Marfan syndrome and a V shaped hair-line ?

In Guinea pigs, ginger(G) hair is dominant to white(g), and short hair (S) is dominant to long (s). In the following cross: GgSs and GgSS, what percentage chance will the offspring being born long haired and ginger?

Using the diagram, name D

What ion is moving during process '3' on the above diagram?

What word describes the growth response of a plant to a stimulus?

The diagram above shows anaerobic respiration in which type of organism?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme used in the Krebs cycle to convert Citrate into the 5C intermediate. IDH1 is an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase. If IDH1 acted as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, how would it reduce enzyme activity?

Which molecule is represented by Y?

How many reduced NADs have been produced from one glucose molecule by the end of the link reaction?

Name substance B

Which two products from the Light Dependent Reactions ( LDRs) does the Calvin Cycle use?

Which of the following molecules require phosphorus? a) Protein b) DNA c) ATP

The diagram shows an Arctic food web. Why is the energy efficiency between Forbs and Rock Ptarmigan lower than that between a Rock Ptarmigan and an Arctic Fox?

a) Because more of the body of the Ptarmigan is eaten than the Frobs.

b) Because more of the Ptarmigan is digested and absorbed (assimilated)

c) Because a Ptarmigan is bigger than a Forbs

It has been estimated that an area of 8000m² is needed to keep a cow. The productivity of grass in the UK is 18,000 kJ m^-2yr^-1

Anaerobic respiration allows the regeneration of NAD+ in all organisms, which allows glycolysis to continue. How many ATP's are gained during anaerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?

The diagram above shows anaerobic respiration in which type of organism?

Is this the correct equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells? : Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Lactic Acid

Using the ETC, how many molecules of ATP can each reduced FAD generate?

How many carbon atoms are carried into the Krebs cycle in each Acetyl Co A?

How many carbons are present in triose phosphate?

Glycolysis usually shows the breakdown of glucose, but is glucose the only respiratory substrate which can feed into glycolysis?

If 'X' on graph A represents 'Light Intensity', what effect would increasing carbon dioxide have on the line (represented in green on the diagram)?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. The mutant plants produced more chlorophyll b . The scientists predicted the mutant plants would grow better in any light intensity; why might this be?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. Why did the scientists measure the rate of oxygen produced?

How many atoms of carbon in ONE molecule of substance C?

What does substance H do to substance B?

Name substance B

How many carbon atoms are there in substance A?

Which two products from the Light Dependent Reactions ( LDRs) does the Calvin Cycle use?

Where in a chloroplast do the Light Independent Reactions ( LIRs) occur? ( watch your spelling!)

Which chemical does 'E' represent?

In the above image, name the unit represented by B.

The image above shows a muscle fibre. What is the function of organelle E?

The image above shows a muscle fibre. Name organelle E

What is the structural adaptation which gives rods high sensitivity compared to rod cells?

What is the structural adaptation which give cones high visual acuity compared to rod cells?

Layer B is the layer which contains the photoreceptor cells. What is it's name ? ( Type your answer).

GABA is a neurotransmitter released in some inhibitory synapses in the brain. GABA causes negatively charged chloride ions to enter postsynaptic neurones. Explain how this inhibits postsynaptic neurones

On the diagram, F is a voltage gated ion channel on an excitatory synapse, but which type of ion does it allow through?

Using the diagram, name D

True or False - The speed of conduction along an unmyelinated neurone is around 5 m/s ( jogging pace).

What is the main function of the fatty substance wrapped around peripheral nerve axons?

Cells wrapped around peripheral neurones contain a membrane with a high content of a fatty substance forming a sheath.

What is the name of this fatty substance? ( Type your answer).

Which of the events ( A- F above) requires ATP ? ( Type the letter in the box)

After a stimulation has occurred, why do ions move out of an axon?

Blow fly maggots have a light sensitive spot on their head, which they use to move away from light. Is this taxis or kinesis?

True or False : Taxis is when an organism either moves faster in harsh conditions or turns less in harsh conditions.

True or False : Kinesis is a directional response to a stimulus.

What does Boysen and Jensen's experiment using agar show?

What affect does IAA have on shoot tips?

Plant responses to stimuli are controlled by what?

True or false: Succession only happens on land?

Which of the following does NOT stop succession?

What is the native climax community in the UK?

Which type of plants are more likely to be the pioneer species in secondary succession?

Which of the following is an example of secondary succession?

Which factor will the lichen and mosses change the most?

What should you use to estimate a population of a sessile organism?

Which of the following is an abiotic factor which effects population size?

What is the word used to describe 'All the different populations in a habitat along with all the abiotic conditions'?

What is the word used to describe 'Populations of different species in specific habitat'?

What type of speciation is caused by a physical barrier between two populations such as a body of water?

Which type of selection is when the number of individuals with a particular characteristic, increase around an extreme or outlier value?

Tay Sachs is a recessive disease which leads to the build up of certain lipids which eventually become toxic. The Cajun community in the USA has an incidence of about 1 in every 3,500 births. What is the number of sufferers of Tay Sachs in a Cajun population of 100,000 people?

A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at a particular time' is the definition for what?

This gene interaction once again alters the phenotype ratio. Which type of Epistatic allele will produce a ratio of 9:3:4?

In hamsters two genes are autosomally linked : Fur and Eye colour . Where Ginger fur = G, and White fur =g. Black eyes = B and red eyes = b. In a cross between a homozygous recessive male for both traits and a heterozygous female for both traits , what would be the expected ratio of Ginger & Black eye, White and Black eye, ginger and red eye and white with red eyes?

Which sex is the carrier of sex lined genes?

Marfan Syndrome ( TGF Beta) is dominant (T) to the healthy recessive allele(t) . Having a V shaped hairline (V) is dominant to having a straight hairline (v). What is the percentage probability of the offspring of a father = TtVv and a mother = TtVv would have Marfan Syndrome and a straight hair - line ?

In guinea pigs, Short hair (S) is dominant to long hair (s). In a monohybrid cross between a heterozygous mother, with a heterozygous father, what ratio of long hair to short hair will the offspring have ?

What is the definition of 'allele'?

PCR is an example of what type of DNA amplification?

Sometimes, two marker genes are used: The first marker gene is often an antibiotic resistance gene to show if the plasmid is present; the bacteria can only grow on a plate containing the antibiotic, if they have the antibiotic resistance gene on the plasmid. The second is often a gene with a colour change, which is broken by the insertion of the fragment.

e.g. An example of a gene to test for the presence of a fragment is Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) glowing or not. What would a bacterial plate look like that contained an antibiotic, and was spread with bacteria which had been transformed with a plasmid and had a new gene fragment in?

Using bacteria is an example of what type of DNA Amplification?

What causes epigenetic markers to be added or removed from DNA?

What effect will increased acetylation have on a gene?

Can extra methylation be removed from the DNA?

What is an advantage of using iPS cells to treat degenerative disorders, instead of embryonic stem cells?

The morula hollows out into a hollow sphere, with a small group of cells at the bottom called teh inner cell mass which go on to develop into an embryo. What do the outer cells go on to make?

In humans, the zygote ( fertilised egg ) divides into a ball of cells called a Morula. What word describes the cells contained in a morula?

After fertilisation, zygotes ( fertilised eggs) divide by which process?

Which term is used to describe the full process of genetic code in DNA being turned into a polypeptide chain?

Which enzyme will the Oestrogen - Oestrogen Receptor ( OOR) activate?

What is the oestrogen receptor called when the oestrogen has bound?

What do we call a transcription factor that 'turns on ' genes?

What is the removal of introns called?

Long term exposure to Oestrogen can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The exact mechanism is still not fully understood, but which of the following is definitely NOT a suggested mechanism ?

If hypermethylation happens to a proto-oncogene, what effect will this have on the rate of mitosis?

What type of mutation causes a sequence of bases to be moved from one location to another?

What type of mutation causes a sequence of bases to be reversed?

What does the term 'Degenerate' mean when referring to the genetic code?