Biology Random Retrieval Y13

Sometimes, two marker genes are used: The first marker gene is often an antibiotic resistance gene to show if the plasmid is present; the bacteria can only grow on a plate containing the antibiotic, if they have the antibiotic resistance gene on the plasmid. The second is often a gene with a colour change, which is broken by the insertion of the fragment.

e.g. An example of a gene to test for the presence of a fragment is Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) glowing or not. What would a bacterial plate look like that contained an antibiotic, and was spread with bacteria which had been transformed with a plasmid and had a new gene fragment in?

Which of the following is not coded for by a gene?

What do we call a stage of succession?

A mild winter and a warm spring meant that the population of robins (birds which feed on insects) increased. This was due to the above average biomass of insects, so more young robins survived. However the following winter was very cold so fewer insects were available in the spring, and the robin population decreased. Is the decrease in robin population, intraspecific competition or interspecific competition?

Tay Sachs is a recessive disease which leads to the build up of certain lipids which eventually become toxic. The Cajun community in the USA has an incidence of about 1 in every 3,500 births. What is the allele frequency of the normal healthy genes?

The Hardy Weinberg principle only applies to a population that is or has ____.

What is the definition of a species?

Which statistical test would we use to see if the observed phenotypes are different from the expected phenotypes?

The actual ratio of phenotypes after several matings between the above two hamsters was more similar to 6:1:1:6. How are the alleles linked?

What is an autosome?

If B = black, W = white and BW = speckled feathers in hens. Two heterozygous speckled hens mated, what will the ratios be of offspring that are black : speckled : white?

In guinea pigs, Short hair (S) is dominant to long hair (s). In a monohybrid cross between a heterozygous mother, with a heterozygous father, what ratio of long hair to short hair will the offspring have ?

What is the definition of 'genotype'?

True or False: Synapses can only transmit an impulse in one direction?

True or False : Taxis is only ever away from a stimulus

Some fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. What are these fungi/root structures called?

External digestion involves the secretion of enzymes outside of the organisms outer-most layer. Which term best describes this?

The student found that the coloured liquid moved 1.5 cm in 24 hours. The diameter of the lumen (hole) of the capillary tubing was 1 mm.The volume of a capillary tubing is given by πr²l, where π is 3.14 and l = length. Calculate the volume of gas produced in cm³ hour^-1.

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'W'.

What does substance H do to substance B?

The concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the soil can be increased by the addition of fertiliser, but what ecological damage can this cause?

What are the strands of fungi called?

This diagram shows part of the Nitrogen cycle. Name process E

Which term describes an organism which feeds on dead organic matter and digests their food externally? (watch your spelling)

The diagram shows an Arctic food web. Why is the energy efficiency between Forbs and Rock Ptarmigan lower than that between a Rock Ptarmigan and an Arctic Fox?

a) Because more of the body of the Ptarmigan is eaten than the Frobs.

b) Because more of the Ptarmigan is digested and absorbed (assimilated)

c) Because a Ptarmigan is bigger than a Forbs

What does GPP stand for?

Is this the correct equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells? : Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Lactic Acid

What should go in box 'X'?

What is passed along the 4 protein complexes - represented by 'W' on the diagram?

If 3 million molecules of glucose are respired aerobically, how many molecules of CO₂ will be produced by the Krebs Cycle?

A single molecule of W is produced per turn of the Krebs cycle, and it carries hydrogen off to the ETC. What is it?

Which molecule is represented by Y?

In the above experiment, a 'starting line' is drawn in pencil. What is the name of the starting line - The ______(spell it correctly!)

How many molecules of H are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

How many molecules of D are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

Name substance C

In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons that leave the chlorophyll are replaced by the splitting of water. What is the name of this process?

What type of molecule will pick up the 'high energy' electrons in PSII?

Which term best describes what happens to the electrons when light hits the primary pigment (or reaction centre)?

Which letter represents a lamella?

Which of the following are features of slow twitch muscle fibres:

A)Lots of aerobic respiration
B)Lots of mitochondria
C)Low levels of myoglobin

Which of the above diagrams represents the myofilaments a 'Z line' in muscle?

When the layers of connective tissue are pressed, what happens to the neurone membrane?

True or False: Synapses can only transmit an impulse in one direction?

True or False - Axons with a narrower diameter have a faster speed of conduction.

Why is the speed of conduction faster on myelinated neurones?

Many peripheral neurones (including motor neurones)have cells wrapped around the axon.

What are these cells called? ( type your answer- watch your spelling).

In the above diagram, which graph shows the correct effects of increasing a stimulus?

Put the above events ( A-F) in order for the passage an action potential.

The resting potential of a neurone is maintained in part, by the Sodium-potassium pump. But which of the following shows the correct movement of the ions?

Across a resting human neurone plasma membrane, what is the average potential difference?

In the above experiment, you hypothesised that a woodlouse responds by kinesis to a change in light intensity. What would be the best way to measure a response which shows kinesis?

In the above experiment on woodlice, what is the Independent variable?

What piece of equipment do animal scientists use to investigate the effect of different stimuli on invertebrates?

Maggots follow a scent up a concentration gradient towards a food source. Is this taxis or kinesis?

True or false : Kinesis is a random movement

What does Boysen and Jensen's experiment using agar show?

How does IAA become unevenly distributed?

What affect does IAA have on shoot tips?

Plant responses to stimuli are controlled by what?

Between stages B and C, what will happen to soil depth?

Which factor will the lichen and mosses change the most?

True or false : Succession is the same as evolution.

What is the biological meaning of succession?

Using mark release recapture, what would the population of woodlice be if : 27 were caught in the first sample , and 16 unmarked caught in the second, and 3 were marked?

What should you use to estimate a population of a sessile organism?

Was the cold winter an example of an abiotic factor or a biotic one?

True or False : Two different species cannot occupy the same niche?

What is the word used to describe 'Populations of different species in specific habitat'?

Tay Sachs is a recessive disease which leads to the build up of certain lipids which eventually become toxic. The Cajun community in the USA has an incidence of about 1 in every 3,500 births. What is the number of sufferers of Tay Sachs in a Cajun population of 100,000 people?

The probability of an individual having Cystic Fibrosis is about 1 in 2500 in the UK. How many individuals will suffer with Cystic Fibrosis in a city of 1.2 million people in it's population?

Drosophila fruit flies can have either vestigial wings (w)or wild-type wings (W). If 20% of the population have vestigial wings, what proportion of the population are homozygous dominant?

Drosophila is a type of fruit fly which is used in many genetic experiments. It has two alleles for eye colour : Red ( R) and White (r). If 0.8 of the alleles are red, how many are white?

What does 'p' represent ?

What is the formula for the Hardy Weinberg equation?

A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at a particular time' is the definition for what?

Which statistical test would we use to see if the observed phenotypes are different from the expected phenotypes?

How could you tell if Marfan Syndrome is Dominant by looking at a pedigree ( family tree)?

In guinea pigs, Short hair (S) is dominant to long hair (s). In a monohybrid cross between a heterozygous mother, with a heterozygous father, what ratio of long hair to short hair will the offspring have ?

What is the best definition of a 'recessive allele'?

In a PCR reaction, the DNA is heated at the start of the cycle to around 95 degrees C. What is the reason for this?

We cannot see the proteins made by recombinant plasmids, nor the plasmids themselves. How do we know the bacteria have been transformed properly and contain a recombinant plasmid ( = plasmid and new gene fragment) ?

Using bacteria is an example of what type of DNA Amplification?

A methyl group has the structure CH3. Methylation is the addition of a methyl group onto what?

iPS cells can be made from adult somatic cells. What are somatic cells?

Cardiomyocytes are an example of what type of stem cell?

After fertilisation, zygotes ( fertilised eggs) divide by which process?

What does the 'si' stand for in siRNA?

Where is the oestrogen receptor located?

Oestrogen can act as a transcription factor. To do so, it needs to bind to what molecule?

Where are transcription factors often stored?

Which of the following would NOT increase your exposure to oestrogen?

If hypomethylation ( reduced methylation) happens to a tumour suppressor gene what effect will this have on the rate of mitosis?

Fill in the missing word : Causes of Mutations A mutation is any change to the order of __12___ in the genetic code. These occur naturally as the enzyme _____13_____ replicates the DNA and makes mistakes. The incidence can also be produced due to exposure to certain agents called mutagenic agents. These can be chemicals such as nitrous acid, which converts cytosine to uracil.

Nitrous acid would therefore cause a __14___ mutation. Ethidium Bromide is used to stain DNA during gel electrophoresis. It can insert between bases, acting in a similar way to an addition mutation and therefore causing a __15___ along the rest of the gene. UV radiation is also a mutagenic agent.

It can cause bonds to form between pyrimidine bases ( thymine and cytosine). This bonding causes polymerases to misread or stop working all together at that point.

What type of mutation causes a sequence of bases to be moved from one location to another?

What type of mutation causes a sequence of bases to be reversed?

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop Here is the original sequence : TTCTTGTTATCATAA. Here is a mutated sequence: TTCTTGTTATAACATAA.

What type of mutation has occurred?

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop Here is the original sequence : TTCTTGTTATCATAA. Here is a mutated sequence: TTCTTATTATCATAA.

What type of mutation has occurred ?

The deoxyribose sugar at the end of a DNA molecule can either have a bond available to join with carbon number 3 ( 3' or 3 prime) or carbon number 5 (5' or 5 prime). DNA polymerase can only join to one end, which end can it bind to and then extend?

What does the C stand for in the genetic code?