Biology Year 13 Random Retrieval

Sometimes, two marker genes are used: The first marker gene is often an antibiotic resistance gene to show if the plasmid is present; the bacteria can only grow on a plate containing the antibiotic, if they have the antibiotic resistance gene on the plasmid. The second is often a gene with a colour change, which is broken by the insertion of the fragment.

e.g. An example of a gene to test for the presence of a fragment is Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) glowing or not. What would a bacterial plate look like that contained an antibiotic, and was spread with bacteria which had been transformed with a plasmid and had a new gene fragment in?

Which enzyme can join two complementary sticky ends together during genetic modification?

What do we call it if the restriction enzyme cuts both strands of DNA in the same place?

What is the active site of a restriction endonuclease complementary too?

What is an advantage of using iPS cells to treat degenerative disorders, instead of embryonic stem cells?

The mRNA travels to the ribosome, where it feeds between the two subunits, exposing the template bases. tRNA molecules each carry a specific amino acid at the top, with a complementary sequence of three bases called an anti-codon at the bottom. The tRNA anticodons then complementary base pair with the mRNA codon.

In the ribosome there are 3 binding sites for tRNA, two where a peptide bond is formed between the carried amino acids. These amino acids then form a polypeptide chain which leaves the ribosome. The third site is a departure site, where the tRNA which has released its amino acid departs to pick up a new amino acid. Once the entire mRNA sequence has been ____11____, it can either pass into another ribosome to make another polypeptide or be degraded.

Being colour blind is a sex-linked disorder. What is the probability of an unaffected male having a colour- blind child with a heterozygous female?

In the above image, which type of protein makes up the myofilaments labelled C? type your answer in carefully.

Name part B on the above diagram (type your answer).

Why can't a second action potential pass immediately after the first ?

What does this experiment by Went show?

What does Darwin's experiment where he removed a shoot tip then replaced it show?

Nitrates and Phosphates are mostly soluble, so they can easily run off into waterways. What is this process called?

Which process can occur due to the actions of Nitrosomonas bacteria?

Which term describes an organism which feeds on dead organic matter and digests their food externally? (watch your spelling)

The diagram shows a food web found in the arctic. the producers have a net productivity of 4.52 x 10 ^-3 kJ m^-2yr^-1-2yr^-1

If N = Net productivity, F = Energy in food, U = Energy lost in Faeces and Urine, R = Energy lost in Respiration. What would be the formula for Net productivity?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme used in the Krebs cycle to convert Citrate into the 5C intermediate. IDH1 is an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase. What would happen to the volume of Carbon dioxide produced by cells exposed to IDH1?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. What is the saturation point of Normal plants grown in high light?

Other than temperature and pH, give two factors that the student should keep constant in the above experiment.