Populations, Evolutions and Genetics

Category: Populations, Evolutions and Genetics

All individuals of a population show variation in their phenotype, caused by the environment and genetics. In this unit, we look at mendelian ratios derived from monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. We also look at sex linkage, autosomal linkage and epistasis.

The Hardy Weinberg equation is a quadratic equation which allows us to calculate allele frequency in a population. The Hardy Weinberg equation assumes a population to be large, with random mating, and no immigration, no emigration, no mutation . To use the Hardy Weinberg, you must first identify what is the recessive allele, and then if the information on that allele is about whole organisms ( in which case use ‘q²’) or number of alleles in which case use ‘q’. Variations due to meiosis and mutation, and ensuing differential reproductive success give rise to new alleles and changes in allele frequency.

This can lead to evolution of new species, called speciation. Speciation can be either allopatric ( geographically separated) or sympatric (reproductively isolated without geographical barriers). This unit also looks at the study of populations in ecosystems. Here we recap terms such as ‘community’ and ‘niche’ and interspecific and intraspecific speciation.

Techniques such as random sampling, belt transects and mark-release-recapture are also covered here. Succession is the process where an ecosystem changes overtime ( this is not the same process as evolution). Pioneer species ( often lichen) are the first species to grow on bare rock, creating a thin soil, so bigger species are then able to take root. Lastly conservation is also covered in this unit.

Definitions, Monohybrid, Dihybrid and Codominance

1 / 20

What is a gene?

The same as an allele.

A physical characteristic.

A section of DNA that codes for a protein.

A short section of single stranded DNA.

2 / 20

What is the definition of 'genotype'?

Combination of genes an organism has.

Combination of alleles an organism has.

All the physical traits an organism inherits.

The combination of different physical traits an organism inherits.

3 / 20

What is the definition of 'phenotype'?

Combination of genes an organism has.

Combination of alleles an organism has.

All the physical traits an organism inherits.

The combination of different physical traits an organism inherits.

4 / 20

What is the definition of 'allele'?

Different form of the same gene.

Different form of different genes.

When one gene effects the expression of another.

When a gene is on a sex chromsome.

5 / 20

What is the definition of 'homozygous'?

Both alleles are the same

Both alleles are different

There are multiple alleles for that trait

There is only one allele for that trait

6 / 20

What is the definition of 'heterozygous'?

Both alleles are the same

Both alleles are different

There are multiple alleles for that trait

There is only one allele for that trait

7 / 20

What is the best definition of a 'dominant allele'?

It is the stronger allele which always shows the trait.

Two alleles are needed to show the trait.

Only one allele is needed to show the trait.

It is an allele which shares the trait with another one.

8 / 20

What is the best definition of a 'recessive allele'?

It is the weaker allele which sometimes shows the trait.

It is the weaker allele which never shows the trait.

Two alleles are needed to show the trait.

Only one allele is needed to show the trait.

9 / 20

How can you tell when an allele is recessive in a pedigree (a family tree)?

Both parents have the trait, but none of the offspring do.

One parent has the trait, and 50% of the offspring do.

Neither parent has the trait, but all of the offspring do.

Neither parent has the trait, but at least one of the offspring does.

10 / 20

In guinea pigs, Short hair (S) is dominant to long hair (s). In a monohybrid cross between a heterozygous mother, with a heterozygous father, what ratio of long hair to short hair will the offspring have ?

1:3

3:1

1:4

4:1

11 / 20

In Guinea pigs, ginger(G) hair is dominant to white(g), and short hair (S) is dominant to long (s). In the following cross: GgSs and GgSS, what percentage chance will the offspring being born short haired and white?

0.25

0.19

0.06

12 / 20

0.25

0.19

0.06

13 / 20

Marfan syndrome is a dominant inherited disorder, where the suffer develops an increase in a growth factor ( TGF - beta) which effects connective tissue. What is the probability of a healthy mother and a heterozygous father having a healthy child?

0.75

0.5

0.25

14 / 20

How could you tell if Marfan Syndrome is Dominant by looking at a pedigree ( family tree)?

All offspring will show the Marfan phenotype.

One parent has to have Marfan, and it cannot skip a generation.

Most offspring will show the Marfan phenotype

Both parents must have Marfan Syndrome, to have offspring with Marfan.

15 / 20

Marfan Syndrome ( TGF Beta) is dominant (T) to the healthy recessive allele(t) . Having a V shaped hairline (V) is dominant to having a straight hairline (v). What percentage of the offspring of a father = TtVv and a mother TtVv will have Marfan syndrome and a V shaped hair-line ?

56.25%

12.5%

6.25%

18.75%

16 / 20

Marfan Syndrome ( TGF Beta) is dominant (T) to the healthy recessive allele(t) . Having a V shaped hairline (V) is dominant to having a straight hairline (v). What is the percentage probability of the offspring of a father = TtVv and a mother = TtVv would have Marfan Syndrome and a straight hair - line ?

19%

25%

17 / 20

Marfan Syndrome ( TGF Beta) is dominant (T) to the healthy recessive allele(t) . Having a V shaped hairline (V) is dominant to having a straight hairline (v). What proportion of the offspring of a heterozygous father (TtVv) and a heterozygous mother (TtVv) will be health and have a V shaped hair-line ?

3:16

3/16

9/16

9:16

18 / 20

What does the term 'Codominance' mean?

One allele is always expressed over another.

One allele is slightly more dominant over another.

Both alleles are recessive and expressed.

Both alleles are expressed, with neither being recessive.

19 / 20

A codominant allele' is when both alleles are expressed. One breed of chickens can have Black feathers(B) or White feathers(W). What phenotype will a chicken have with the genotype BW ?

Black

White

Black and White (Speckled)

Brown

20 / 20

If B = black, W = white and BW = speckled feathers in hens. Two heterozygous speckled hens mated, what will the ratios be of offspring that are black : speckled : white?

1: 2 : 1

3 : 1 : 1

9 : 3 : 3 : 1

3 : 1

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Sex Linkage, Autosomal Linkage and Epistasis

1 / 20

Which Chromosome contains more genes?

2 / 20

Which chromosome carries the sex linked alleles?

3 / 20

How can you tell from a pedigree (family tree) that a trait is sex linked?

The trait is in the father but not in the offspring.

The trait is shown in the mother and all offspring, but not the father.

Trait is usually only shown in female offspring.

Trait is usually only shown in male offspring.

4 / 20

Which type of allele tends to be sex linked?

Dominant

Recessive

Co-dominant

5 / 20

Why are women far less likely to show sex linked disorders?

Because they don't have Y chromosomes which carry the disorder allele.

Because they have faster acting immune systems.

Because they have two X chromosomes, one is likely to be a healthy dominant allele and masque the recessive disorder one.

Because they are less likely to moan about it and so not get diagnosed.

6 / 20

What would be the genotype for a man with colour-blindness (b)?

Xb Yb

Xb Y

XB Yb

XB YB

7 / 20

Which sex is the carrier of sex lined genes?

Male

Female

8 / 20

Being colour blind is a sex-linked disorder. What is the probability of an unaffected male having a colour- blind child with a heterozygous female?

0.5%

0.25%

9 / 20

What is the probability of a colour- blind father and a homozygous dominant female having a colour blind child?

0.5%

0.25%

10 / 20

What is an autosome?

Self replicating chromosome

All Chromosomes

All Chromosomes except the sex chromosomes

Only the Sex Chromosomes

11 / 20

If two genes are on the same chromosome, how do we say they are linked?

Sex Linked

Chromosomally Linked

Allelic Linkage

Autosomally Linked

12 / 20

How can you tell if two alleles are autosomally linked?

The phenotypic ratio is equal to the expected Mendelain ratio.

The Phenotypic Ratio is always greater than the expected Medelian ratio.

The Phenotypic ratio is different to the Mendelian ratio.

The male children always show the trait.

13 / 20

In hamsters two genes are autosomally linked : Fur and Eye colour . Where Ginger fur = G, and White fur =g. Black eyes = B and red eyes = b. In a cross between a homozygous recessive male for both traits and a heterozygous female for both traits , what would be the expected ratio of Ginger & Black eye, White and Black eye, ginger and red eye and white with red eyes?

1:1:1:1

3:1:1:3

9:3:3:1

1:2:3:4

14 / 20

The actual ratio of phenotypes after several matings between the above two hamsters was more similar to 6:1:1:6. How are the alleles linked?

Bg and bG

BG and bg

Bb and Gg

BB and GG

15 / 20

In the actual ratio of 6:1:1:6, there were more of the ginger and black eyed hamsters and more of the white with red eyed hamsters than expected. Therefore, there are proportionately fewer of the mixed traits (Ginger and red eyes and white with black eyes). What process allowed those few mixed trait offspring to occur?

Mutation

Sex linkage

Crossing over

Independent Segregation

16 / 20

What term describes when a characteristic is controlled by more than one gene, and the expression of one gene will effect the expression of others?

Epigenetics

Epistasis

Epidural

Epidermis

17 / 20

This gene interaction once again alters the phenotype ratio. Which type of Epistatic allele will produce a ratio of 9:3:4?

Recessive Epistatic alleles

Dominant Epistatic alleles

Dominant and Recessive Epistasis

Duplicate Interaction

18 / 20

In this image,' A' is the dominant epistatic allele

In this image, 'a' is the dominant epistatic allele

In this image, 'B' is the dominant epistatic allele

In this image 'b' is the dominant epistatic allel

19 / 20

Which statistical test would we use to see if the observed phenotypes are different from the expected phenotypes?

Standard Deviation

Students' t Test

Spearmanns Rank

Chi Squared

20 / 20

In this image the ratio of white : yellow : green is 12:4:0

In this image the ratio of white : yellow : green is 1:4:12

In this image the ratio of white : yellow : green is 1:3:12

In this image the ratio of white : yellow : green is 12:3:1

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Hardy Weinberg & Allele Frequency

1 / 20

What is the definition of a species?

A group of similar organisms

A group of similar organisms which can reproduce to make offspring.

A group of similar organisms which can reproduce to make fertile offspring.

A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to make hybrids.

2 / 20

A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at a particular time' is the definition for what?

Community

Population

Habitat

Niche

3 / 20

All the alleles of every gene in a breeding population' is the definition for what?

Gene Pool

Allele Frequency

Allele Variants

Gene Frequency

4 / 20

The Hardy Weinberg principle only applies to a population that is or has ____.

Small

Non-randomised mating

Immigration occurring

No mutations

5 / 20

The Hardy Weinberg principle only applies to a population that is or has____.

No Emmigration

Natural Selection occurring

Mutations are occurring

Small

6 / 20

What is the formula for the Hardy Weinberg equation?

p² + pq + q² = 1

2p + pq ² + 2q = 1

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

p² + 2 pq + q ²= 0

7 / 20

Which part of the Hardy Weinberg equation represents the homozygous recessive individuals?

p²

q²

8 / 20

What does 'p' represent ?

The proportion of homozygous dominant individuals.

The proportion of dominant alleles.

The number of dominant alleles.

The number of heterozygous individuls

9 / 20

What represents the total allele frequency in a population?

p² + q² = 1

p + q = 1

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

10 / 20

Drosophila is a type of fruit fly which is used in many genetic experiments. It has two alleles for eye colour : Red ( R) and White (r). If 0.8 of the alleles are red, how many are white?

0.8

0.4

0.2

0.5

11 / 20

Drosophila fruit flies can have either vestigial wings (w)or wild-type wings (W). If 20% of the population have vestigial wings, what proportion of the population are homozygous dominant?

0.31

0.64

0.8

0.44

12 / 20

An Ethiopian breed of cattle has low whey protein in its milk. This is controlled by a dominant allele (M). If 6 % of the herd have low whey protein, what proportion are heterozygotes?

0.94

0.03

0.11

0.06

13 / 20

The probability of an individual having Cyctic Fibrosis is about 1 in 2500 in the UK. What proportion of the population will be carriers?

0.0007

0.039

0.5

0.0004

14 / 20

The probability of an individual having Cystic Fibrosis is about 1 in 2500 in the UK. How many individuals will suffer with Cystic Fibrosis in a city of 1.2 million people in it's population?

500

480

15 / 20

In peppered moths, having light coloured wings is dominant. In Sheffield (an industrial northern town in the UK) a sample of moths was taken. The numbers collected were 73 light coloured , and 326 dark coloured. What proportion of all alleles are for the dark one?

0.904

0.817

0.174

0.991

16 / 20

0.904

119

0.991

17 / 20

0.38

0.82

0.901

0.099

18 / 20

Tay Sachs is a recessive disease which leads to the build up of certain lipids which eventually become toxic. The Cajun community in the USA has an incidence of about 1 in every 3,500 births. What is the allele frequency of the normal healthy genes?

0.876

0.0002

0.983

0.999

19 / 20

20 / 20

96649

98300

98550

99971

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Variation, Evolution and Speciation

1 / 25

Which of the following is a cause of variation?

Mitosis

Binary Fission

Mutation

Asexual Reproduction

2 / 25

Which of these is a source of variation?

Mitosis

Meiosis

Osmosis

Ketosis

3 / 25

In the creation of gametes, which process mixes up the alleles?

Independent Segregation

Homologous pairing

Spindle formation

Metaphase

4 / 25

What is 'crossing over'?

When the spindle attaches to the centromere.

When a spontaneous mutation occurs.

When the chromosomes become visible during prophase.

When the homologous chromosomes wrap around each other, break, and re-attach to the opposite chromosome.

5 / 25

Which of the following is not a cause of variation?

Mutation

Independent Segregation

Mitosis

Random Fertilisation

6 / 25

Natural Selection is when organisms which are better adapted are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Factors which affect the chance of survival are called selection pressures. These can be positive ( advantageous) or negative ( disadvantageous). Which of these is a negative selection pressure?

Successful Reproduction

Plenty of food

Mutualism

Increased Predation

7 / 25

Competition for Food

Plenty of food

Big Territory

Successful Reproduction

8 / 25

Reduced predation

A New Disease

Reduced Competition for Food

Plenty of Food

9 / 25

Natural Selection means that over time the frequency of beneficial alleles in a population will do what?

Increase

Decrease

Stay the Same

10 / 25

Which type of selection is when the number of individuals with a particular characteristic, increase around a middle or mid value, and outliers decrease?

Directional Selection

Disruptive Selection

Stabilising Selection

Purifying Selection

11 / 25

Which type of selection is when the number of individuals with a particular characteristic, increase around an extreme or outlier value?

Directional Selection

Disruptive Selection

Stabilising Selection

Purifying Selection

12 / 25

Which type of selection is when the number of individuals with a particular characteristic, split into two groups?

Directional Selection

Disruptive Selection

Stabilising Selection

Purifying Selection

13 / 25

Which type of selection is shown by Darwins finches, where small and large beaks were both at an advantage due to different food sources?

Directional

Disruptive

Stabilising

14 / 25

What type of variation is show in the graph?

Directional

Disruptive

Stabilising

15 / 25

Which type of selection is shown by fossils of black bears, showing them becoming bigger during glacial periods ( ice ages)?

Directional

Disruptive

Stabilising

16 / 25

What type of variation is show in the graph?

Directional

Disruptive

Stabilising

17 / 25

Which type of selection is human birthweight showing? (As low birth - weight babies and high birth - weight babies are less likely to survive)

Directional

Disruptive

Stabilising

18 / 25

What type of variation is show in the graph?

Directional

Disruptive

Stabilising

19 / 25

Speciation is when a new species arises from another: they can no longer produce fertile offspring because their DNA is no longer compatible. What term describes this inability between two populations to reproduce successfully?

Infertile

Impotent

Reproductively Isolated

Reproductively challenged

20 / 25

What type of speciation is caused by a physical barrier between two populations such as a body of water?

Allopatric

Parapatric

Peripatric

Sympatric

21 / 25

What type of speciation is caused by reproductive Isolation, but without a physical barrier between two populations?

Allopatric

Parapatric

Peripatric

Sympatric

22 / 25

An alteration in bird calls caused by difference in beak size, preventing mating calls between individuals of the same population is an example of what type of speciation?

Allopatric

Parapatric

Peripatric

Sympatric

23 / 25

Natural selection can change allele frequencies over time, due to those with the best alleles surviving and reproducing. What is the term used to describe the 'chance' or 'random' selection of alleles in a population?

Sexual Reproduction

Speciation

Genetic Drift

Mutation

24 / 25

What type of population does genetic drift have the greatest effect on?

Not reproductively Isolated populations

Populations with a large amounts of variation

Large populations

Small populations

25 / 25

Which of the following isn't an example of genetic drift?

The Founder Effect - when a small number of individuals start a new colony E.g Tristan De Cunha

Genetic Bottle neck - Hunting seals and leaving a few survivors

Severe environmental change - global warming means only caribou with shorter fur survive.

Cultural Isolation - e.g. the Amish population in the USA originate from a few founder members and do not interbreed with surrounding populations.

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Populations in Ecosystems

1 / 24

What is the word used to describe 'Populations of different species in specific habitat'?

Niche

Community

Population

Ecosystem

2 / 24

What is the word used to describe 'The specific role of a species within its habitat'?

Niche

Community

Population

Ecosystem

3 / 24

What is the word used to describe 'All the different populations in a habitat along with all the abiotic conditions'?

Niche

Community

Population

Ecosystem

4 / 24

True or False : Two different species cannot occupy the same niche?

TRUE

FALSE

5 / 24

Is the following an 'Abiotic adaptation' or a 'Biotic Adaptation': The Warbler Finch has a short slender beak for catching insects whilst, flying. Where as the Large Ground Finch has a strong , deep beak for crushing seeds.

Abiotic Adaptation

Biotic Adaptation

6 / 24

Is the following an 'Abiotic adaptation' or a 'Biotic Adaptation': Monarch butterflies fly south when the number of daylight hours shorten?

Abiotic Adaptation

Biotic Adaptation

7 / 24

Which of the following is an abiotic factor which effects population size?

An increase in a wolf population, leads to a decrease in hare populations.

A new pathogen causes a decrease in a rabbit population.

Less light falling on leaves, so less photosynthesis and less glucose produced for growth.

An increase in aphids means more food for ladybirds.

8 / 24

A mild winter and a warm spring meant that the population of robins (birds which feed on insects) increased. This was due to the above average biomass of insects, so more young robins survived. However the following winter was very cold so fewer insects were available in the spring, and the robin population decreased. Is the decrease in robin population, intraspecific competition or interspecific competition?

Intraspecific

Interspecific

9 / 24

Was the cold winter an example of an abiotic factor or a biotic one?

Abiotic factor

Biotic Factor

10 / 24

Was the reduction in insects caused by the cold weather an abiotic factor or a biotic factor?

Abiotic factor

Biotic Factor

11 / 24

Is predation a biotic or abiotic factor that effects population size?

Biotic

Abiotic

12 / 24

Population growth can be exponential . How would we turn a curved population curve into a straight line graph?

By pressing 'log ₁₀'

By pressing 'Inverse log ₁₀'

By using n ^x

By using x ¹⁰

13 / 24

What would you press to show a bacterial population graph , plotted with a log 10 scale, back into actual bacterial population?

By using 10 ^x

By using x ⁿ

By pressing 'log ₁₀'

By pressing 'Inverse log ₁₀'

14 / 24

What should you use to estimate a population of a sessile organism?

A Net

A Pitfall Trap

A meter ruler

A Quadrat

15 / 24

Why is random sampling used?

It is easier.

To make sure all organisms are counted.

To remove bias.

To make it repeatable.

16 / 24

How many samples should you take to get reliable data?

10% of the area.

Until the running mean stays the same.

5 each.

Until you get bored.

17 / 24

You can also use a transect to sample a population. When should a transect be used?

To estimate a population in a square area, e.g. High Light Intensity, compared to low light intensity.

To estimate a population of motile organisms using a net.

To measure a population, along a change in a factor, e.g. Light Intensity

To physically cut up a sample to see its internal organs.

18 / 24

What is the advantage of carrying out an interrupted belt transect compared to belt transect?

It is Quicker.

You get more data per unit of distance.

You can sample only where the species of interest is.

You don't need to take off your belt.

19 / 24

What is the equation for Mark Release Recapture?

No. caught in 1^st sample X No. caught in 2^nd/ No. marked in 1^st sample

No. caught in 1^st sample X No. marked in 2^nd/ No. caught in 2^nd sample

No. caught in 1^st sample X No. caught in 2^nd/ No. marked in 2^nd sample

No. caught in 2^nd sample X No. marked in 1^st/ No. caught in 2^nd sample

20 / 24

Which of the following is not an assumption that affects the accuracy of the Mark Release Recapture population estimate?

The marked sample has mixed randomly with the entire population.

The method of marking does not affect the chance of survival

There are no births or deaths.

There is migration.

21 / 24

Which method would you use to see if there is a correlation between profile height and percentage cover of marsh grass?

Random sampling

An interrupted belt transect

Mark Release Recapture

22 / 24

Which method would you use to see if there is a difference between the percentage cover of moss on the north face compared to the south face of tree trunks?

Random sampling

Mark Release Recapture

An interrupted Belt Transect

A Belt Transect

23 / 24

Using mark release recapture, what would the population of woodlice be if : 27 were caught in the first sample , and 16 unmarked caught in the second, and 3 were marked?

144

171

552

24 / 24

A student is using a quadrat to estimate percentage cover of clover on the school field. What is the most accurate way to do this?

Laying down a tape-measure, and counting every clover plant that touches the line.

Using an open frame quadrat, and estimating by eye.

Using a gridded quadrat, and counting each small square with over half covered.

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Succession

1 / 20

What is the biological meaning of succession?

The gradual change in an ecosystem over time.

The gradual adaptation of a species to the environment over time.

The inheritance of dominant alleles.

2 / 20

True or false : Succession is the same as evolution.

TRUE

FALSE

3 / 20

True or false : Succession involves only the change of biotic factors ( Not abiotic).

TRUE

FALSE

4 / 20

Which of the following is an example of primary succession?

Volcanic eruption and lava flow creates new rock.

Ploughing a field.

Burning rain forest to clear scrub exposes soil.

5 / 20

Which stage represents lichen and mosses?

6 / 20

What do we call a stage of succession?

Serial

Sere

Generation

7 / 20

What term do we use to describe lichen and mosses in succession?

Frontier

Pioneer

Cavalier

8 / 20

At which stage will abiotic factors be most hostile?

9 / 20

Which factor will the lichen and mosses change the most?

Temperature.

Light Intensity.

Formation of the organic content of soil.

10 / 20

What is lichen made out of ?

Single celled plants.

Fungus.

Fungus and Algae.

11 / 20

Between stages B and C, what will happen to soil depth?

Increase

Decrease

12 / 20

Between stages D and E, what will happen to light intensity at ground level?

Increase

Decrease

13 / 20

What is humus?

The soil

The organic content of soil

The mineral content of the soil

14 / 20

Which stage represents the climax community?

15 / 20

Which of the following is an example of secondary succession?

Volcanic Erruption and lava flow creates new rock.

Earthquake , causes a rock slide down a mountain.

Burning rain forest to clear scrub exposes soil.

16 / 20

Which type of plants are more likely to be the pioneer species in secondary succession?

Lichen and mosses.

Grasses and shrubs (small bushy plants).

Shrubs and trees.

17 / 20

What is it called when succession is stopped artificially?

Plagioclimax

Counterclimax

Hoaxclimax

18 / 20

What is the native climax community in the UK?

Deciduous trees

Non-deciduous trees

Conifer forest

19 / 20

Which of the following does NOT stop succession?

Mowing the lawn

Ploughing fields

Allowing hay meadows to grow.

20 / 20

True or false: Succession only happens on land?

TRUE

FALSE

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