Biology Random Retrieval

How is variation introduced during prophase 1?

What is the proteome of a cell?

Eukaryotic DNA is stored, wrapped around which type of protein?

The evaporation of water molecules out of the leaf, 'pulls' the water molecules behind up. What is this 'pull' called ?

What has happened at position C?

As blood moves away from the heart, it travels in which type of blood vessel?

Which term describes that guard cells when the plant has plenty of water available?

Why does the blood flow in an opposite direction the the water?

What is the surface area to volume ratio of a palisade cell with a volume of 120,000 µm ³ and a surface area of 6500 µm²?

Name the molecules that generate an immune response when detected by the body. Type your answer.

Which equation represents the action of ATP Synthase?

Which process requires the use of ATP?

What type of bond forms between complementary base pairs?

What base does the 'C' stand for?

Explain how non-competitive inhibitors reduce rate.

On the above graph, lines A and B represent the same enzyme, in identical conditions; the only difference is the temperature.

What would happen to the red line after this point ?

Which best represents the hydrophobic area on this diagram?

What bonds hold the chains together, and make the these fibres strong?

What would the products be from the hydrolysis of sucrose?

Which of the following is a type of disaccharide?

Are the bonds between water molecules stronger or weaker than covalent bonds?

The average human makes and breaks-down its own body mass in ATP every day ( approximately 70 kg). Why is this?

What is the name of molecule B?

In the diagram, what name is given to strand A?

The direction each DNA strand is facing is often called 5 prime (written 5') or 3 prime (written 3'). What does this refer to?

What base does the 'T' stand for?

How many types of organic base are there in DNA and RNA?

What has happened to the enzyme when it becomes denatured with a high temperature?

Looking at the shape of the substrate, which molecule could it be?

On the above diagram, which letter represents the activation energy with an enzyme?

On the above diagram, which letter represents the activation energy without an enzyme?

The sample needs to be treated before adding the regent. How does it need to be treated?

Which of the following shows the correct structure of a peptide bond?

What is the name of the NH₂ group on an amino acid molecule?

Which biochemical test is used to identify lipids?

Which best represents the hydrophobic area on this diagram?

What bonds hold the chains together, and make the these fibres strong?

This component of starch is coiled. What is the advantage to the organism storing it?

Does this diagram show a glycosidic bond?

Which molecule is Beta - Glucose?

A doctor vaccinated a group of patients against poliomyelitis. He gave each patient two doses of vaccine, 3 months apart. Explain the differences between the mean concentrations of antibodies in blood samples 1 and 2 .

True or False - Plasma cells are clones.

On the diagram above, which structure is a lysosome?

Which type of cell can engulf a pathogen?

Read the above passage. Before reweighing, the potato was blotted dry. Which of the following is NOT a reason for doing this?

Complete this sentence: Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a partially ________ membrane . Type your answer:

In the above diagram of three cells, will water move from:

In the above diagram, there are three membrane proteins: A, B and C. Which represents where co-transport occurs?

True or false : Facilitated diffusion can use channel proteins or transport proteins, but active transport only uses transport proteins.

Does a concentration gradient need to be established before facilitated diffusion can take place?

Name molecule I.

Which molecule makes up part D?

Name the part of molecule J, which makes up part B.

The image shows palisade cells in a leaf. Line A (width) measures 8mm, and the magnification of the image is x10,000. What is the actual width (A) of the palisade cell?

How are the circular chromosomes separated in prokaryotic reproduction?

What substance is layer B made out of?

What substance is layer A made out of?

Name part C

What ISN'T organelle A?

This is found inside most eukaryotic cells, what is A?

Water molecules stick together due to what type of bond?

Xylem or Phloem ? - This type of cell is living, but with few organelles.

What is an Atheroma?

What has happened at position B?

Which chamber do you think the blue line represents?

Which chamber do you think the green line represents?

What happens to the heart during Diastole?

When will the valves close?

Capillaries are made only out of one layer of cells called endothelium. Why is this?

As blood moves away from the heart, it travels in which type of blood vessel?

Where in a human, is the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen the lowest?

Why is haemoglobin described as being 'Quaternary'?

Which number represents a layer which is 2 or 3 times thicker in desert plants?

Oxygen diffuses out of the tracheoles directly into what?

The diagram shows an insect respiratory system. Which letter represents the tracheoles?

Pulmonary Ventilation Rate ( PVR) -= Tidal Volume x breathing rate. If someone take 60 breaths over 5 minutes, and takes in 230 cm³, what is their PVR?

Which muscles contract when you exhale at rest?

Cresol red is an indicator which goes clear at a low pH. A plate of agar jelly with cresol red added was made, and two blocks were cut out. Block A measured 10mm x 10mm x 10mm. Block B measured 20mm x 7mm x 7mm. You have chosen one which will decolourise the quickest, why did you choose that block?

What is the surface area to volume ratio of a spongy mesophyll cell with the surface area of 24,000 µm ², and a volume of 110,000µm ³?

What is the surface area to volume ratio of a palisade cell with a volume of 120,000 µm ³ and a surface area of 6500 µm²?

The development of antibiotic resistance is an example of what type of selection?

What does 'Differential Reproductive Success' mean?

The Amish in America are a closed community, which only reproduce with-in their own population. They are descended from 200 Swiss who migrated there. They have a much higher proportion of alleles which cause genetic disorders, rarely seen in the rest of the population. What is this an example of?

Why do the modern day population of Tristan De Cunha has a much higher than average incidence of the genetic disorder Retinitis Pigmentosa?

In Biology, what does genetic diversity represent in a population?

Which of the following is a mutagenic agent?

Some gene mutations will have no effect at all on the polypeptide, why not?

As there are now 4 chromatids in each homologous pair, they are sometimes called what?

On this diagram, what does C represent?

On this diagram, what does A represent?

In eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA is modified by removing what?

What stops the RNA polymerase?

Which term describes the specific attraction of bases?

Where does the enzyme used in transcription bind?

Which bonds are broken by the enzyme used in transcription?

What does the 'm' stand for in mRNA?

True or False : The same three bases of DNA (or RNA) code for the same amino acid in every organism ever discovered.

What do H and h represent?

True or False : The sex chromosomes ( X and Y) are not an homologous pair?

In an homologous pair of chromosomes, would alleles be...

What word describes the inner cell mass now?

Cancer is often caused by a mutation causing a cell to divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissues. Name the gene that normally increases cell division:

Which type of plants are more likely to be the pioneer species in secondary succession?

At which stage will abiotic factors be most hostile?

What do we call a stage of succession?

True or false : Succession is the same as evolution.

What is the biological meaning of succession?

Tay Sachs is a recessive disease which leads to the build up of certain lipids which eventually become toxic. The Cajun community in the USA has an incidence of about 1 in every 3,500 births. What is the number of sufferers of Tay Sachs in a Cajun population of 100,000 people?

An Ethiopian breed of cattle has low whey protein in its milk. This is controlled by a dominant allele (M). If 6 % of the herd have low whey protein, what proportion are heterozygotes?

How can you tell when an allele is recessive in a pedigree (a family tree)?

The muscle filament in the above diagram is relaxed, what would happen to the following zones when it contracts?

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory depends on what?

What is the main function of the fatty substance wrapped around peripheral nerve axons?

In a resting neurone, why do potassium ions move out via ion channels?

In root tips growing parallel to the soil, where will the highest concentration of IAA be found ?

What does GPP represent in a given area?

Is the column for the ETC reaction in the above diagram correct?

Is the column for Krebs in the above diagram correct?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. Why did the scientists measure the rate of oxygen produced?

Other than temperature and pH, give two factors that the student should keep constant in the above experiment.

Put the following into the correct order:

a) Lower plants die due to lack of photosynthesis.
b)Fish die due to lack of dissolved oxygen.
c) Decomposers respire aerobically to decompose the dead plant matter.
d) Increased algae blocks out the light.
e) Minerals leach into the waterway.
f) Increased minerals cause an algae to grow rapidly.

True or False : Fungi can increase the surface area of roots

This diagram shows part of the nitrogen cycle. Which type of organism carry out process A?

In the formula for the calculation of NPP, what does the 'R' stand for?

In this investigation, are the yeast respiring anaerobically or aerobically ?

The above apparatus was left in a water bath until it reached a constant temperature. It was then left for one hour before starting. Why was it left for one hour before starting?

If oxygen isn't available, which substance cannot be regenerated in high enough amounts to keep the system running?

Is the column for the ETC reaction in the above diagram correct?

Which part of the mitochondria is represented by A?

How many carbon atoms are carried into the Krebs cycle in each Acetyl Co A?

What happens to molecule X after it has been generated?

Name molecule Y

Why did the student set up tube 1?

How do you calculate the Rf value for a substance?

Which wavelengths would the rate of photosynthesis be highest in the above experiment?

Which substance goes on to create other organic molecules?

Name substance C

Once light has hit structure D, and the electrons have left the chlorophyll, they can either be passed on to form F or follow path 'G'. What is path 'G'?

Which term best describes what happens to the electrons when light hits the primary pigment (or reaction centre)?

Which membrane is represented by 'C' on the diagram?

Breaks down ATP on myosin head

Which protein blocks the actin-myosin binding site in a relaxed myofibril?

Which protein found in a myofilament has multiple globular heads? (Type your answer carefully).

Which of the above diagrams represents the myofilaments a 'Z line' in muscle?

Which of the above diagrams represents the myofilaments an 'M line' in muscle?

The image above shows a muscle fibre. Name organelle E

What type of sodium channels are opened when a Pacinian corpuscle is stimulated?

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter which has a role in numerous processes in the brain including pain relief. The release of dopamine can be stimulated by chemicals called endorphins produced in the brain. Endorphins attach to opioid receptors on presynaptic neurones that release dopamine. Morphine is a drug that has a similar structure to endorphins and can provide pain relief, explain how.

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory depends on what?

Using the diagram, name B

True or False - Axons with a narrower diameter have a faster speed of conduction.

True or False - The speed of conduction along an unmyelinated neurone is around 5 m/s ( jogging pace).

When an action potential is generated, there is a temporary reversal of the polarity of the neurone membrane at that point. Does this mean that:

Name the process happening at '4' on the above diagram?

Name protein A in the above diagram.

Honey bees can detect the polarised light from the sun and use it to navigate even in cloudy weather. Is this taxis or kinesis?

True or False : Kinesis is a directional response to a stimulus.

What is the definition of a stimulus?

In root tips growing parallel to the soil, where will the highest concentration of IAA be found ?

What response do roots have to light?

Which type of plants are more likely to be the pioneer species in secondary succession?

Which stage represents the climax community?

True or false : Succession involves only the change of biotic factors ( Not abiotic).

How many samples should you take to get reliable data?

What should you use to estimate a population of a sessile organism?

What would you press to show a bacterial population graph , plotted with a log 10 scale, back into actual bacterial population?

What is the word used to describe 'The specific role of a species within its habitat'?

What type of population does genetic drift have the greatest effect on?

Which type of selection is human birthweight showing? (As low birth - weight babies and high birth - weight babies are less likely to survive)

What type of variation is show in the graph?

Which of these is a source of variation?

Drosophila fruit flies can have either vestigial wings (w)or wild-type wings (W). If 20% of the population have vestigial wings, what proportion of the population are homozygous dominant?

Why are women far less likely to show sex linked disorders?

Which type of allele tends to be sex linked?

Which Chromosome contains more genes?

How could you tell if Marfan Syndrome is Dominant by looking at a pedigree ( family tree)?

In Guinea pigs, ginger(G) hair is dominant to white(g), and short hair (S) is dominant to long (s). In the following cross: GgSs and GgSS, what percentage chance will the offspring being born short haired and white?

What is the definition of 'homozygous'?

What is the definition of 'allele'?

What is the definition of 'phenotype'?

Why do we need two primers in PCR?

If a bacterium contains a recombinant plasmid, then it will express the new 'foreign' gene as well as it's own. Which of the following is not a product made by recombinant bacteria?

Using bacteria is an example of what type of DNA Amplification?

Which enzyme can join two complementary sticky ends together during genetic modification?

Which bond to restriction endonucleases ( restriction enzymes) break?

What is 'Epigenetics'?

Cardiomyocytes are an example of what type of stem cell?

After fertilisation, zygotes ( fertilised eggs) divide by which process?

Which molecule does the SIRNA / protein complex (RISC) bind to?

Which level of protein structure will the binding of oestrogen alter?

The mRNA travels to the ribosome, where it feeds between the two subunits, exposing the template bases. tRNA molecules each carry a specific amino acid at the top, with a complementary sequence of three bases called an anti-codon at the bottom. The tRNA anticodons then complementary base pair with the mRNA codon.

In the ribosome there are 3 binding sites for tRNA, two where a peptide bond is formed between the carried amino acids. These amino acids then form a polypeptide chain which leaves the ribosome. The third site is a departure site, where the tRNA which has released its amino acid departs to pick up a new amino acid. Once the entire mRNA sequence has been ____11____, it can either pass into another ribosome to make another polypeptide or be degraded.

Which molecule is created during transcription?

Which of the following would NOT increase your exposure to oestrogen?

If hypomethylation (reduced methylation) happens to a proto-oncogenes gene, what effect will this have on the rate of mitosis ?

If hypomethylation ( reduced methylation) happens to a tumour suppressor gene what effect will this have on the rate of mitosis?

Cancer is often caused by a mutation causing a cell to divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissues. Name the gene that normally increases cell division:

What type of mutation causes a sequence of bases to be moved from one location to another?

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop Here is the original sequence : TTCTTGTTATCATAA. Here is a mutated sequence: TTCTTATTATCATAA.

What type of mutation has occurred ?

Which of the following carries the code for the order of amino acids?

What attracts new 'free' nucleotides to the exposed template strand during DNA replication?