Biology Random Retrieval

What do we mean by 'Evolution' in biological terms?

What molecule is made in eukaryotic transcription?

What do we call a section of DNA which does not carry a code for a functional RNA or amino acid?

Which muscles contract when you exhale at rest?

Which letter represents the trachea?

What is the volume of the same roughly spherical spongy mesophyll cell with a diameter of 80 µm, using the formula Volume=4/3 pi r ³?

What is it called when the two variable regions of an antibody form a complex with two pathogens?

Type your answer.

True or false : Active transport can go down a concentration gradient, or up a concentration gradient.

Why can more pigment leak out across the plasma membrane at a higher temperature (80⁰C) ?

Which organelle will be found in pellet A?

Which type of electron microscope can be used on a thick specimen?

True or false : Prokaryotic DNA coils around histones.

Name this organelle.

In this experiment, bacteria were grown for many generations in a medium containing N¹⁵. The bacteria were then removed from the N¹⁵ , and placed in medium containing .N^14.. When The DNA from this first generation was centrifuged ( tube A), what pattern did the DNA bands form?

DNA and RNA are both polymers of which monomer?

In this reaction, what is the activation energy for the enzyme catalysed reaction?

Which of these two molecules is a saturated fatty acid?

Which is the correct method to test for reducing sugars?

Which reagent is used to test for reducing sugars?

Is one of the monomers beta glucose ?

Which enzyme works along the template DNA strand, joining new monomers together?

How many bonds form between a 'C' and a 'G' ?

Explain how non-competitive inhibitors reduce rate.

Where do competitive inhibitors bind ?

Explain why line B forms a plateau:

Which letter on the above graph shows when the enzyme is denatured?

Which of the following is true, in the currently accepted model of enzyme action?

Enzymes are biological catalysts: they speed up reactions. This allows the reactions to happen at...

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by doing what?

What do we mean by the 'Primary Structure' of a protein?

Water is produced during the bonding of two amino acids. Where do the hydrogen and oxygen molecules originate from?

Glycine and Alanine are two common amino acids. How are their structures different to each other?

What is the name of the COOH group on an amino acid molecule?

Triglycerides are good at storing energy. Which part of the molecule stores the most energy?

What subunits make up a single triglyceride?

Which polysaccharide do animal cells use as storage?

This component of starch is coiled. What is the advantage to the organism storing it?

Is one of the monomers beta glucose ?

Which of the following is a type of disaccharide?

Are molecules A,B and C isomers of each other?

A doctor vaccinated a group of patients against poliomyelitis. He gave each patient two doses of vaccine, 3 months apart. Explain the differences between the mean concentrations of antibodies in blood samples 1 and 2 .

Which type of cell travels to the site of infection, and secretes a chemical which kills infected cells?

Which term describes a solution with a lower water potential than the cells bathed in it?

In the above diagram, there are three membrane proteins: A, B and C. Which represents where facilitated diffusion occurs?

Would the number of carrier proteins present affect the rate of active transport across a membrane?

In the above experiment, two flasks contained identical masses of animal tissue, identical volume of a solution containing sodium ions, but an inhibitor of ATP production in flask F. Calculate the rate of the uptake of sodium ions in flask G, in the first 20 minutes.

True or False: In order to function, carrier proteins have to change shape.

What piece of equipment can you use to measure the colour change? (spell it correctly)

Name structure G.

At the end of telophase, the cytoplasm cleaves. What is this process called? ( spell it correctly)

Name the organelles which produce the spindle fibres. ( Spell it correctly)

Why must the solution used to homogenise be cold?

Which type of electron microscope can be used on a thick specimen?

Which type of electron microscope produces a 2D image?

What does TEM stand For?

Which of the following organelles are visible with a light microscope?

a) Nucleus
b) Lysosomes
c) Chloroplasts

Which of the following is bigger - 40m x 10^-10 or 5mm x 10 ^-7 , or 5m x 10^-10

True or False : plasmids are passed on by binary fission only.

What substance is layer A made out of?

Name part C

The Mass Flow Hypothesis, is the best explanation for translocation in plants. What does it suggest happens at 'sources'?

Which of the following is an example of a 'source' ?

What piece of equipment is used to measure transpiration ?

Xylem or Phloem ? - This type of cell is carries dissolved organic substances both up and down the plant

Which of the following is a way a high salt content in your diet increases your risk of developing CVD?

What is a Thrombosis?

Which chamber do you think the green line represents?

What happens to the heart during Diastole?

Does this bar cart show a correlation between number of cigarettes smoked, and the risk of CVD?

What do we call the arteries which supply the kidneys?

Haemoglobin is a quaternary protein, how many polypeptide chains make up a single molecule of haemoglobin?

How is a concentration gradient maintained inside the leaf?

Which letter is the tracheae?

Which letter is the spiracles?

The blood and water flow in opposite directions, what is this called?

What is the function of the lamellae?

Which letter represents the diaphragm?

Cresol red is an indicator which goes clear at a low pH. A plate of agar jelly with cresol red added was made, and two blocks were cut out. Block A measured 10mm x 10mm x 10mm. Block B measured 20mm x 7mm x 7mm. Are the two agar blocks a similar surface area (within 5% difference)?

Which is an example of a behavioural adaptation which allows an animal to live at hotter temperatures?

A Palisade cell is rectangular, and measures 100 µm by 40 µm. What is its surface area?

What caused the antibiotic resistance in the first place?

Which of the following has contributed to the development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria?

Why do most mutations cause a decrease in reproductive success?

What does 'Differential Reproductive Success' mean?

Tristan De Cunha is an island populated by a small number of Britons in the early 1800's. What is this an example of ?

After a genetic bottleneck, what is true about the alleles of the survivors?

Which of the following will reduce genetic diversity in a population?

Which of the following is true about all mutagenic agents?

What is the main cause of variation between siblings?

Which number represents prophase 1 of meiosis?

As there are now 4 chromatids in each homologous pair, they are sometimes called what?

There are now two identical copies of each chromosome, held together by the centromere. Which term best describes these identical copies?

On this diagram, what does A represent?

What is the base-pairing pattern in DNA to RNA?

Which bonds are broken by the enzyme used in transcription?

True or False : The same three bases of DNA (or RNA) code for the same amino acid in every organism ever discovered.

On this diagram, what does D represent?

On this diagram, what does C represent?

On this diagram, what does B represent?

How would you describe the shape of prokaryotic chromosome, when compared to a eukaryotic chromosome?

Why do we need two primers in PCR?

Which stage represents the climax community?

Which type of selection is when the number of individuals with a particular characteristic, increase around a middle or mid value, and outliers decrease?

In the creation of gametes, which process mixes up the alleles?

Tay Sachs is a recessive disease which leads to the build up of certain lipids which eventually become toxic. The Cajun community in the USA has an incidence of about 1 in every 3,500 births. What is the number of sufferers of Tay Sachs in a Cajun population of 100,000 people?

The Hardy Weinberg principle only applies to a population that is or has____.

The actual ratio of phenotypes after several matings between the above two hamsters was more similar to 6:1:1:6. How are the alleles linked?

How could you tell if Marfan Syndrome is Dominant by looking at a pedigree ( family tree)?

Breaks down ATP on myosin head

True or False - The speed of conduction along an unmyelinated neurone is around 5 m/s ( jogging pace).

What effect does high concentrations of IAA have on shoot tip tissue?

What response do roots have to light?

Which of the following molecules require phosphorus? a) Protein b) DNA c) ATP

Which part of the mitochondria is represented by A?

How many pyruvate molecules are made from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?

True or False - Using a different solvent does not alter the distance travelled by different substances in this technique?

Which wavelength of light would the rate of photosynthesis be lowest in the above experiment?

How many carbon atoms are there in substance A?

Name substance A

Which chemical does 'F' represent?

True or False : Fungi can increase the uptake of inorganic ions from the soil by a plant.

Nitrogen fixation from gas to compound, requires a large amount of energy (at least 16 ATP molecules and 8 electrons). A select few bacteria can carry out this task, but which of the following CANNOT fix nitrogen?

External digestion involves the secretion of enzymes outside of the organisms outer-most layer. Which term best describes this?

Which would be the most accurate method of sampling dry biomass?

Which of the following is NOT an accurate way of measuring biomass?

The student found that the coloured liquid moved 1.5 cm in 24 hours. The diameter of the lumen (hole) of the capillary tubing was 1 mm.The volume of a capillary tubing is given by πr²l, where π is 3.14 and l = length. Calculate the volume of gas produced in cm³ hour^-1.

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'W'.

In which stage of respiration is oxygen required?

Is this the correct equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells? : Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Lactic Acid

Is the column for the ETC reaction in the above diagram correct?

What should go in box 'X'?

Molecule B enters the Krebs cycle from the link reaction, what is it ?

How many reduced NADs have been produced from one glucose molecule by the end of the link reaction?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. The mutant plants produced more chlorophyll b . The scientists predicted the mutant plants would grow better in any light intensity; why might this be?

What does substance H do to substance B?

Which two products from the Light Dependent Reactions ( LDRs) does the Calvin Cycle use?

What does molecule 'H' represent?

Where does the energy needed for the splitting of water originate?

Which term best describes what happens to the electrons when light hits the primary pigment (or reaction centre)?

Name structure E

Name the molecule that carries out the function : Attaches to the Z line at the end of the sarcomere.

In the sliding filament theory, what causes the actin-myosin binding site to be exposed?

The muscle filament in the above diagram is relaxed, what would happen to the following zones when it contracts?

In the above image, which type of protein makes up the myofilaments labelled C? type your answer in carefully.

The image above shows a muscle fibre. Name organelle C

When light falls on cells 1 and 2, only one spot of light is seen. But, when light falls on cells 2 and 3, two spots of light are seen. Say why?

Put the following statements in order to explain what happens at an excitatory synapse:

• a) Voltage gated calcium channels open.
• b) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane
• c) If threshold is reached, an action potential is generated
• d) Calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic neurone.
• e) Arrival of an action potential
• f) Neurotransmitters bind to receptors with associated sodium channels
• g) Neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft
• h) Sodium ions diffuse into post synaptic membrane

Many peripheral neurones (including motor neurones)have cells wrapped around the axon.

What are these cells called? ( type your answer- watch your spelling).

Put the above events ( A-F) in order for the passage an action potential.

What has happened at stage 5?

Which direction are the ions moving during process 3 on the above diagram?

What ion is moving during process '3' on the above diagram?

Stimulation ( either by a generator potential in a receptor cell or a neurotransmitter binding to a receptor on a postsynaptic membrane) caused which type of channel to open?

In a resting neurone, why do potassium ions move out via ion channels?

The resting potential of a neurone is maintained in part, by the Sodium-potassium pump. But which of the following shows the correct movement of the ions?

Which word best describes the charge distribution across a resting axon plasma membrane?

Blow fly maggots have a light sensitive spot on their head, which they use to move away from light. Is this taxis or kinesis?

True or False : Taxis is when an organism either moves faster in harsh conditions or turns less in harsh conditions.

Which of the following is true?

What effect does high concentrations of IAA have on shoot tip tissue?

What is the native climax community in the UK?

What is humus?

Between stages B and C, what will happen to soil depth?

What is the word used to describe 'The specific role of a species within its habitat'?

What type of speciation is caused by a physical barrier between two populations such as a body of water?

Which type of selection is shown by Darwins finches, where small and large beaks were both at an advantage due to different food sources?

Natural Selection means that over time the frequency of beneficial alleles in a population will do what?

Which of the following is a cause of variation?

Tay Sachs is a recessive disease which leads to the build up of certain lipids which eventually become toxic. The Cajun community in the USA has an incidence of about 1 in every 3,500 births. What is the number of homozygous dominant healthy individuals in a Cajun population of 100,000 people?

Tay Sachs is a recessive disease which leads to the build up of certain lipids which eventually become toxic. The Cajun community in the USA has an incidence of about 1 in every 3,500 births. What is the number of sufferers of Tay Sachs in a Cajun population of 100,000 people?

What represents the total allele frequency in a population?

What does 'p' represent ?

Which part of the Hardy Weinberg equation represents the homozygous recessive individuals?

What term describes when a characteristic is controlled by more than one gene, and the expression of one gene will effect the expression of others?

How can you tell if two alleles are autosomally linked?

Which chromosome carries the sex linked alleles?

If B = black, W = white and BW = speckled feathers in hens. Two heterozygous speckled hens mated, what will the ratios be of offspring that are black : speckled : white?

What does the term 'Codominance' mean?

Marfan Syndrome ( TGF Beta) is dominant (T) to the healthy recessive allele(t) . Having a V shaped hairline (V) is dominant to having a straight hairline (v). What is the percentage probability of the offspring of a father = TtVv and a mother = TtVv would have Marfan Syndrome and a straight hair - line ?

Marfan syndrome is a dominant inherited disorder, where the suffer develops an increase in a growth factor ( TGF - beta) which effects connective tissue. What is the probability of a healthy mother and a heterozygous father having a healthy child?

Apart from the desired gene sequence, what else needs to be added to a recombinant plasmid in order for it to be expressed by bacteria?

Which enzyme can join two complementary sticky ends together during genetic modification?

What is the active site of a restriction endonuclease complementary too?

How would the cDNA base sequence of a gene differ to the normal genomic base sequence of a gene?

What is 'Epigenetics'?

What substances can be used to take mature, differentiated adult cells, and de-differentiate them back into pluripotent stem cells ?(usually only found in embryos).

What are iPS cells?

What does the RISC complex do to the mRNA?

What type of hormone is oestrogen?

What do we call a transcription factor that 'turns off ' genes?

The mRNA travels to the ribosome, where it feeds between the two subunits, exposing the template bases. tRNA molecules each carry a specific amino acid at the top, with a complementary sequence of three bases called an anti-codon at the bottom. The tRNA anticodons then complementary base pair with the mRNA codon.

In the ribosome there are 3 binding sites for tRNA, two where a peptide bond is formed between the carried amino acids. These amino acids then form a polypeptide chain which leaves the ribosome. The third site is a departure site, where the tRNA which has released its amino acid departs to pick up a new amino acid. Once the entire mRNA sequence has been ____11____, it can either pass into another ribosome to make another polypeptide or be degraded.

Which of the following describes the structure of DNA?

Which of the following would NOT increase your exposure to oestrogen?

If a tumour suppressor gene mutates, then it can mean the protein it codes for is non-functional. What will happen to the rate of mitosis if this happens?

Fill in the missing word : Causes of Mutations A mutation is any change to the order of __12___ in the genetic code. These occur naturally as the enzyme _____13_____ replicates the DNA and makes mistakes. The incidence can also be produced due to exposure to certain agents called mutagenic agents.

These can be chemicals such as nitrous acid, which converts cytosine to uracil. Nitrous acid would therefore cause a __14___ mutation. Ethidium Bromide is used to stain DNA during gel electrophoresis. It can insert between bases, acting in a similar way to an addition mutation and therefore causing a __15___ along the rest of the gene.

UV radiation is also a mutagenic agent. It can cause bonds to form between pyrimidine bases ( thymine and cytosine). This bonding causes polymerases to misread or stop working all together at that point.

What is the position of gene on a chromosome called?

Which of the following carries the code for the order of amino acids?

Which word does NOT describe the genetic code?

Which type of DNA is not circular?

True or False: DNA polymerase requires double stranded DNA in order to initiate DNA replication