Biology Random Retrieval

What do we mean by 'Evolution' in biological terms?

Which of the following is a mutagenic agent?

What molecule does the tRNA carry?

At the sink, solutes are removed from the phloem, what effect does this have on water movement?

Why would someone with Pulmonary Fibrosis have a reduced rate of oxygen diffusion?

Which term best describes breathing?

What is the surface area to volume ratio of a spongy mesophyll cell with the surface area of 24,000 µm ², and a volume of 110,000µm ³?

NMO is a disease NMO is a disease that leads to damage to nerve cells in the spinal cord. A person with NMO produces anti-AQP4 antibody that attacks only these nerve cells. Explain why the anti-AQP4 antibody only damages these cells

Which is the variable region on the above diagram?

In the above experiment, two flasks contained identical masses of animal tissue, identical volume of a solution containing sodium ions, but an inhibitor of ATP production in flask F. Calculate the rate of the uptake of sodium ions in flask G, in the first 20 minutes.

Which phase of mitosis is when the chromosomes line up along the equator?

To look at a sample under a microscope, you need to prepare a temporary mount. Why does the specimen have to be thin?

What are the inner membrane folds called in this organelle?

What type of bond forms between water molecules?

What charge will be on the hydrogen atoms in this molecule?

If DNA replicated by a Conservative method, what would the DNA bands look like after one generation in N¹⁴ medium(Tube A)?

In this experiment, bacteria were grown for many generations in a medium containing N¹⁵. The bacteria were then removed from the N¹⁵ , and placed in medium containing .N^14.. When The DNA from this first generation was centrifuged ( tube A), what pattern did the DNA bands form?

Which polysaccharide do animal cells use as storage?

What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides?

Which elements are found in carbohydrates?

In this experiment bacteria grown in N¹⁵, were then treansfered to N¹⁴, and allowed to divide for two generations ( tubeB). Describe what the cenrifuged DNA bands would look like.

True or False : The enzyme DNA polymerase can only move in one direction along the template strand.

Which of the following is not true of RNA?

DNA and RNA are both polymers of which monomer?

Describe what the line would look like when a non-competitive inhibitor was added to the reaction.

Describe what the line would look like when a competitive inhibitor was added to the reaction.

If everything else was kept the same, what effect would adding more enzyme have on the position of the line?

Which of the following is true, in the currently accepted model of enzyme action?

What substance are enzymes made out of?

The sample needs to be treated before adding the regent. How does it need to be treated?

What level of protein structure contains alpha helices and beta pleated sheets?

What do we mean by the 'Primary Structure' of a protein?

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there in all living things?

What is the general formula for a saturated fatty acid?

Which of these two molecules is a saturated fatty acid?

It is highly branched, what type of glycosidic bond form the base of the branches?

Which two types of polysaccharide form starch?

What type of bond forms between the monomers in starch?

What type of reaction is used to join two monosaccharides?

Which molecule is NOT glucose ?

During phagocytosis, the pathogen is detected by molecule A on the cell surface membrane. What are the molecules labelled A called?

Which term describes a solution with a lower water potential than the cells bathed in it?

In the above experiment, why would the student be advised to take repeat readings?

A worm native to fresh water will die when placed in sea water. Why is this?

What type of transport is osmosis?

Other than glucose, which substance can be absorbed from the ileum via co-transport?

In the above experiment, two flasks contained identical masses of animal tissue, identical volume of a solution containing sodium ions, but an inhibitor of ATP production in flask F. Why did flask F plateau?

Name molecule I.

At the end of telophase, the cytoplasm cleaves. What is this process called? ( spell it correctly)

Put these letters in the correct order

The diagram shows the cell cycle. What does 'M' stand for in the diagram? ( Spell it correctly)

Which type of electron microscope produced this image?

What does SEM stand for?

What does TEM stand For?

What term describes the ability to see two separate points, as two separate points. Rather than one large point on an image ? (You need to spell it correctly!)

Assume the scale bar in this image is 2cm long, what is the magnification of this image?

Name the method of division, that prokaryotes use for replication ( spell it correctly!)

Which of the following organelles has the SAME structure in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

What is the function of this organelle?

What is the best definition of a eukaryotic cell?

What is translocation the movement of?

Which would not increase the volume of water transpired by the plant?

What is the tap and water reservoir above it for?

What piece of equipment is used to measure transpiration ?

Through which part does the water evaporate out of the leaf?

What is transpiration the movement of?

What has happened at position A?

In which direction ( if any), would a curve be for diving seal haemoglobin?

What term describes the haem groups which contain iron?

Why is haemoglobin described as being 'Quaternary'?

Why do some xerophytes have hairs over the stomatal pits?

Why are there large gaps between the mesophyll cells ?

Which letter represents the part that can control water loss?

Which letter is the spiracles?

The diagram shows an insect respiratory system. Which letter represents the tracheoles?

What is the function of the lamellae?

Using the diagram, which part is a gill filament?

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria infecting the lungs, where amongst other effects it reduces tidal volume. What happens to the ventilation rate of sufferers?

Which muscles contract during forced expiration?

True or False - Air moves into the lungs because the internal pressure in the lungs drops below the atmospheric pressure?

The development of antibiotic resistance is an example of what type of selection?

What type of selection is shown on this graph?

Babiana Ringens is a South African plant, which flowers on the ground. They are pollinated by birds, so to attract them they have evolved a sturdy stalk with no leaves or flowers which acts as a bird perch.

What happens to the number of different alleles during a genetic bottleneck?

What type of mutation is this ? ACCTGG becomes ACCTTGG

What is the main cause of variation between siblings?

How does recombination increase variation?

There are now two identical copies of each chromosome, held together by the centromere. Which term best describes these identical copies?

On this diagram, what does C represent?

What word describes cells which contain pairs of chromosomes?

How many tRNA molecules can fit into a ribosome at any time?

Which term describes the specific attraction of bases?

Which enzyme is used in transcription?

What does the 'm' stand for in mRNA?

On this diagram, what does B represent?

True or False : The sex chromosomes ( X and Y) are not an homologous pair?

In an homologous pair of chromosomes...

Which word does NOT describe the genetic code?

Describe how prokaryotic DNA is stored

Eukaryotic DNA is stored, wrapped around which type of protein?

What is an advantage of using iPS cells to treat degenerative disorders, instead of embryonic stem cells?

What is the difference between mRNA and pre-mRNA?

Which of the following describes the structure of DNA?

Long term exposure to Oestrogen can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. The exact mechanism is still not fully understood, but which of the following is definitely NOT a suggested mechanism ?

Fill in the missing word : Causes of Mutations A mutation is any change to the order of __12___ in the genetic code. These occur naturally as the enzyme _____13_____ replicates the DNA and makes mistakes. The incidence can also be produced due to exposure to certain agents called mutagenic agents.

These can be chemicals such as nitrous acid, which converts cytosine to uracil. Nitrous acid would therefore cause a __14___ mutation. Ethidium Bromide is used to stain DNA during gel electrophoresis. It can insert between bases, acting in a similar way to an addition mutation and therefore causing a __15___ along the rest of the gene.

UV radiation is also a mutagenic agent. It can cause bonds to form between pyrimidine bases ( thymine and cytosine). This bonding causes polymerases to misread or stop working all together at that point.

Fill in the missing word : Causes of Mutations A mutation is any change to the order of __12___ in the genetic code. These occur naturally as the enzyme _____13_____ replicates the DNA and makes mistakes. The incidence can also be produced due to exposure to certain agents called mutagenic agents.

These can be chemicals such as nitrous acid, which converts cytosine to uracil. Nitrous acid would therefore cause a __14___ mutation. Ethidium Bromide is used to stain DNA during gel electrophoresis. It can insert between bases, acting in a similar way to an addition mutation and therefore causing a __15___ along the rest of the gene. UV radiation is also a mutagenic agent.

It can cause bonds to form between pyrimidine bases ( thymine and cytosine). This bonding causes polymerases to misread or stop working all together at that point.

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop Here is the original sequence : TTCTTGTTATCATAA. Here is a mutated sequence: TTCTTGTTATAACATAA.

What will be the effect on the mutated polypeptide?

What is humus?

In the actual ratio of 6:1:1:6, there were more of the ginger and black eyed hamsters and more of the white with red eyed hamsters than expected. Therefore, there are proportionately fewer of the mixed traits (Ginger and red eyes and white with black eyes). What process allowed those few mixed trait offspring to occur?

Marfan Syndrome ( TGF Beta) is dominant (T) to the healthy recessive allele(t) . Having a V shaped hairline (V) is dominant to having a straight hairline (v). What is the percentage probability of the offspring of a father = TtVv and a mother = TtVv would have Marfan Syndrome and a straight hair - line ?

What is the role of phosphocreatine in muscle contraction?

What has happened at stage 5?

Which stage of the nitrogen cycle does the above equation represent?

What is passed along the 4 protein complexes - represented by 'W' on the diagram?

How many carbon atoms are carried into the Krebs cycle in each Acetyl Co A?

What happens to molecule X after it has been generated?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. What is the saturation point of Normal plants grown in high light?

Where in a chloroplast do the Light Independent Reactions ( LIRs) occur? ( watch your spelling!)

The transfer of electrons along the carrier proteins causes hydrogen ions to be moved across the membrane, causing a proton concentration gradient. the protons than pass back through the membrane creating ATP. What is the name of this process involving using electrons to produce a concentration gradient?

Where does the energy needed for the splitting of water originate?

True or False : Symbiotic fungi generally increase the amount of glucose in a plant.

True or False : Fungi can increase the uptake of water by a plant

True or False : Fungi can increase the surface area of roots

Nitrogen fixation from gas to compound, requires a large amount of energy (at least 16 ATP molecules and 8 electrons). A select few bacteria can carry out this task, but which of the following CANNOT fix nitrogen?

Which process can occur due to the actions of Nitrobacter bacteria?

This diagram shows part of the nitrogen cycle. Which type of organism carry out process A?

What does GPP stand for?

In this investigation, are the yeast respiring anaerobically or aerobically ?

The diagram above shows one form of anaerobic respiration, name molecule 'Z'.

The diagram above shows anaerobic respiration in which type of organism?

The diagram represents anaerobic respiration, name substance 'X'.

How many pyruvate molecules are made from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?

Name molecule X

What is the first process to happen in glycolysis?

How many molecules of C are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

Name substance C

Name substance D

Which two products from the Light Dependent Reactions ( LDRs) does the Calvin Cycle use?

In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons that leave the chlorophyll are replaced by the splitting of water. What is the name of this process?

Name structure E

Which of the following are features of slow twitch muscle fibres:

A)Lots of aerobic respiration
B)Lots of mitochondria
C)Low levels of myoglobin

One role of ATP in muscle contraction is to provide the energy required for the 'powerstroke' of the myosin head. What is the other use of ATP in muscle contraction?

Name the molecule that carries out the function : Attaches to the Z line at the end of the sarcomere.

Which protein blocks the actin-myosin binding site in a relaxed myofibril?

Which protein found in a myofilament has multiple globular heads? (Type your answer carefully).

The image above shows a muscle fibre. What is the function of organelle E?

When light falls on cells 1 and 2, only one spot of light is seen. But, when light falls on cells 2 and 3, two spots of light are seen. Say why?

What is the structural adaptation which gives rods high sensitivity compared to rod cells?

The table shows the results on investigating how fast an anaesthetic works. Using the results from the machine, was there a significant difference between anaesthetics S and Q?

What effect do inhibitory synapses have on the post-synaptic membrane?

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory depends on what?

Using the diagram, name D

True or False - Axons with a narrower diameter have a faster speed of conduction.

Why is the speed of conduction faster on myelinated neurones?

After a stimulation has occurred, why do ions move out of an axon?

In the above experiment, you hypothesised that a woodlouse responds by kinesis to a change in light intensity. What would be the best way to measure a response which shows kinesis?

In the above experiment on woodlice, how would you make the method more valid?

Blow fly maggots have a light sensitive spot on their head, which they use to move away from light. Is this taxis or kinesis?

Which of these statements about Went's experiment is NOT true?

What word describes the growth response of a plant to a stimulus?

What is it called when succession is stopped artificially?

Which type of plants are more likely to be the pioneer species in secondary succession?

What is lichen made out of ?

True or false : Succession involves only the change of biotic factors ( Not abiotic).

What is the biological meaning of succession?

How many samples should you take to get reliable data?

Why is random sampling used?

What would you press to show a bacterial population graph , plotted with a log 10 scale, back into actual bacterial population?

Is the following an 'Abiotic adaptation' or a 'Biotic Adaptation': The Warbler Finch has a short slender beak for catching insects whilst, flying. Where as the Large Ground Finch has a strong , deep beak for crushing seeds.

What is the word used to describe 'The specific role of a species within its habitat'?

What type of population does genetic drift have the greatest effect on?

Which type of selection is human birthweight showing? (As low birth - weight babies and high birth - weight babies are less likely to survive)

Natural Selection means that over time the frequency of beneficial alleles in a population will do what?

Natural Selection is when organisms which are better adapted are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Factors which affect the chance of survival are called selection pressures. These can be positive ( advantageous) or negative ( disadvantageous). Which of these is a negative selection pressure?

Which part of the Hardy Weinberg equation represents the homozygous recessive individuals?

What is the formula for the Hardy Weinberg equation?

Which statistical test would we use to see if the observed phenotypes are different from the expected phenotypes?

What term describes when a characteristic is controlled by more than one gene, and the expression of one gene will effect the expression of others?

In Guinea pigs, ginger(G) hair is dominant to white(g), and short hair (S) is dominant to long (s). In the following cross: GgSs and GgSS, what percentage chance will the offspring being born short haired and white?

What is the best definition of a 'recessive allele'?

If you start with a single copy of template DNA, how many copies would you have after 10 cycles?

Why do we need two primers in PCR?

If a bacterium contains a recombinant plasmid, then it will express the new 'foreign' gene as well as it's own. Which of the following is not a product made by recombinant bacteria?

Using bacteria is an example of what type of DNA Amplification?

What do we call it if the restriction enzyme cuts both strands of DNA in the same place?

What substances can be used to take mature, differentiated adult cells, and de-differentiate them back into pluripotent stem cells ?(usually only found in embryos).

After fertilisation, zygotes ( fertilised eggs) divide by which process?

Which molecule does the SIRNA / protein complex (RISC) bind to?

Oestrogen can act as a transcription factor. To do so, it needs to bind to what molecule?

What type of hormone is oestrogen?

At the start of transcription, where does RNA polymerase bind?

The mRNA travels to the ribosome, where it feeds between the two subunits, exposing the template bases. tRNA molecules each carry a specific amino acid at the top, with a complementary sequence of three bases called an anti-codon at the bottom. The tRNA anticodons then complementary base pair with the mRNA codon. In the ribosome there are 3 binding sites for tRNA, two where a peptide bond is formed between the carried amino acids.

These amino acids then form a ____10_____ chain which leaves the ribosome. The third site is a departure site, where the tRNA which has released its amino acid departs to pick up a new amino acid. Once the entire mRNA sequence has been ____11____, it can either pass into another ribosome to make another polypeptide or be degraded.

Which enzyme is used during transcription?

Which of the following describes the structure of DNA?

If hypomethylation ( reduced methylation) happens to a tumour suppressor gene what effect will this have on the rate of mitosis?

What type of mutation causes a sequence of bases to be moved from one location to another?

What type of mutation causes a sequence of bases to be reversed?

TTA = Leu TTG = Leu TTC = Phe TCA = Ser TAA = Stop Here is the original sequence : TTCTTGTTATCATAA. Here is a mutated sequence: TTCTTATTATCATAA.

What type of mutation has occurred ?

Which two molecules does DNA Polymerase join together?

Name the enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases during DNA replication.