Biological Molecules

Category: Biological Molecules

You will get to grips with the very basic molecules of life. Each quiz takes you through the structure of each monomer, the structural differences between them, and how they join together to become biological polymers.

We start with Carbohydrate Structure, looking first at the Monosaccharides;Alpha and Beta Glucose, and how through condensation reactions, they can be joined together by glycosidic bonds to make disaccharides. From here we test your knowledge of the structural differences, and resulting differences in the properties of the polysaccharides : Amylose, Amylo-pectin, Cellulose and Glycogen.

Lipid structure, and the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is tested here along with Ester linkages ( or bonds).

Protein structure again starts with the monomers; Amino Acids. The quiz tests your knowledge of the carboxyl group and the amino group, and the differing R groups. It tests your ability to identify a peptide bond, and how the order of amino acids dictates the ensuing secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.There are two quizzes on Enzymes, and what factors affect enzyme function In these quizzes you will apply your knowledge of protein structure and be able to interpret graphs.

The structure of DNA ( and its single stranded relative RNA) is also tested in this unit; looking at Nucleotide structure, and phosphodiester bonds. In this unit there is also a quiz looking at the fine detail of DNA replication; understanding the role of each enzyme, where it attaches, and which direction it moves in. You are also tested on the evidence of Semi Conservative Replication.

Lastly there is a quiz testing your understanding of the role of inorganic ions such as sodium and phosphate. Building up to  the structure and  role of ATP. The importance of water is the last little section in this quiz , finishing off knowledge which will support every aspect of your A Level understanding from now on.

813

Monosaccharides & Disaccharides

1 / 20

Which elements are found in carbohydrates?

2 / 20

Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

3 / 20

What type of sugar is fructose?

4 / 20

Which molecule is Beta - Glucose?

5 / 20

Which molecule is NOT glucose ?

6 / 20

Molecule D is NOT alpha glucose. What is wrong with it ?

7 / 20

Are molecules A,B and C isomers of each other?

8 / 20

Which of the following is a type of disaccharide?

9 / 20

What type of reaction is used to join two monosaccharides?

10 / 20

What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides?

11 / 20

Which diagram shows a glycosidic bond - A or B ?

12 / 20

Does this diagram show a glycosidic bond?

13 / 20

Is one of the monomers beta glucose ?

14 / 20

Which disaccharide is made from glucose and galactose?

15 / 20

What are the products of a condensation reaction between two alpha glucose molecules?

16 / 20

What would the products be from the hydrolysis of sucrose?

17 / 20

Which reagent is used to test for reducing sugars?

18 / 20

Which is the correct method to test for reducing sugars?

19 / 20

Are all monosaccharides reducing sugars?

20 / 20

How do you convert sucrose (which will test negative for a reducing sugar) , into monosaccharides which will test positive as a reducing sugar?

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430

Polysaccharides

1 / 20

Which monomer is starch made out of?

2 / 20

What type of bond forms between the monomers in starch?

3 / 20

Name the polymer in the picture.

4 / 20

Name the polymer in the picture

5 / 20

What type of bond forms amylose?

6 / 20

Which two types of polysaccharide form starch?

7 / 20

What is the main structural difference between Amylose and Amylopectin?

8 / 20

This component of starch is coiled. What is the advantage to the organism storing it?

9 / 20

This polysaccharide of glucose is branched. What is the advantage to the organism of branching ?

10 / 20

Starch is insoluble. What is that advantage of being insoluble?

11 / 20

Which monomer is this polysaccharide made out of?

12 / 20

It forms strong, straight fibres called what ?

 

13 / 20

What bonds hold the chains together, and make the these fibres strong?

14 / 20

What role does this polysaccharide have?

 

15 / 20

What feature does this polysaccharide have, that makes it straight?

16 / 20

Which polysaccharide do animal cells use as storage?

17 / 20

Which monomer is the animal storage polysaccharide made out of ?

18 / 20

It is highly branched, what type of glycosidic bond form the base of the branches?

19 / 20

The animal branched molecule, has many more branches than the plant version. Why is this?

20 / 20

What type of glycosidic bond form the main body for the branches?

 

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369

Lipids & Phospholipids

1 / 24

What elements are lipids made out of?

2 / 24

What subunits make up a single triglyceride?

3 / 24

What is the formula for glycerol?

4 / 24

What is the formula for the group at the end of a fatty acid where it bonds to the glycerol?

5 / 24

The 'tail' of a fatty acid can be a variable length molecule. But what type of molecule is the tail?

6 / 24

What word best describes the fatty acid 'tails'?

7 / 24

Which of these three molecules is a fatty acid?

8 / 24

Which of these two molecules is a saturated fatty acid?

9 / 24

What is the general formula for a saturated fatty acid?

10 / 24

Fats that contain unsaturated fatty acids (compared to saturated) are more likely to have:

11 / 24

Which of the following is not true about triglycerides?

12 / 24

What type of bond joins a fatty acid to a glycerol molecule?

13 / 24

What type of reaction is the formation of a triglyceride from its subunits?

14 / 24

Which of the above three molecules shows a correct bond between glycerol and a fatty acid?

15 / 24

What is the standard structure of a phospholipid?

16 / 24

Which of the following terms best describes the phosphate part of a phospholipid?

17 / 24

Triglycerides are good at storing energy. Which part of the molecule stores the most energy?

18 / 24

On the above diagram, what does structure '1' represent?

19 / 24

On the above diagram, what does structure '2' represent?

20 / 24

On the above diagram, what does structure '3' represent?

21 / 24

If this diagram represented the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell in a human small intestine. What solutions would be on side'a' and side 'b'?

22 / 24

Which best represents the hydrophobic area on this diagram?

23 / 24

Which biochemical test is used to identify lipids?

24 / 24

What substance is added to the sample at the start of a test for lipids?

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334

Amino Acids and Proteins

1 / 25

What is the name of the COOH group on an amino acid molecule?

2 / 25

What is the name of the NH2 group on an amino acid molecule?

3 / 25

What does R stand for on an amino acid?

4 / 25

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there in all living things?

5 / 25

Which is the correct structure for an amino acid?

6 / 25

What is wrong with amino acid C?

7 / 25

What is the name of the bond that forms between two amino acids?

8 / 25

Which of the following shows the correct structure of a peptide bond?

9 / 25

What is the name of this molecule?

10 / 25

Glycine and Alanine are two common amino acids. How are their structures different to each other?

11 / 25

Water is produced during the bonding of two amino acids. Where do the hydrogen and oxygen molecules originate from?

12 / 25

What type of reaction could break apart the bonded amino acids?

13 / 25

More than two amino acids joined together is called what?

14 / 25

What do we mean by the 'Primary Structure' of a protein?

15 / 25

Other than peptide bonds, a folded protein also contains:

i) Hydrogen Bonds
ii) Ionic Bonds
iii) Di-Sulphide Bridges.

Which bonds form the secondary structure?

16 / 25

Other than peptide bonds, a folded protein also contains:

i) Hydrogen Bonds
ii) Ionic Bonds
iii) Di-Sulphide Bridges.

Which type of bond forms between two cysteine R groups?

17 / 25

Other than peptide bonds, a folded protein also contains: i)Hydrogen Bonds ii) Ionic Bonds iii) Di-Sulphide Bridges. Which type of bond/bonds form and hold the Tertiary Structure of a protein in place?

i) Hydrogen Bonds
ii) Ionic Bonds
iii) Di-Sulphide Bridges.

Which type of bond/bonds form and hold the Tertiary Structure of a protein in place?

18 / 25

What level of protein structure contains alpha helices and beta pleated sheets?

19 / 25

Which of the following is the best description of the 'Quaternary Structure' of a protein?

 

20 / 25

Antibodies are made out of 4 polypeptide chains, with no prosthetic group. How many levels of protein structure will they have?

21 / 25

The structure of a protein relates to its function. What is the best description of a channel protein from the following?

22 / 25

What is the name of the biochemical test for proteins?

 

23 / 25

The sample needs to be treated before adding the regent. How does it need to be treated?

24 / 25

What is the next reagent to be added after this initial treatment?

25 / 25

What colour shows a positive result?

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295

Enzymes

1 / 20

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by doing what?

2 / 20

Enzymes are biological catalysts: they speed up reactions. This allows the reactions to happen at...

 

3 / 20

True or False : Endothermic enzyme controlled reactions do not require activation energy?

4 / 20

On the above diagram, which letter represents the activation energy without an enzyme?

5 / 20

On the above diagram, which letter represents the product?

6 / 20

On the above diagram, which letter represents the activation energy with an enzyme?

7 / 20

Is the reaction on the above diagram exothermic or endothermic?

8 / 20

What substance are enzymes made out of?

9 / 20

What is the area of an enzyme called where the substrate binds?

10 / 20

Enzymes have a very specific shape. What type of bonds hold it in that shape?

11 / 20

What is the function of the active site?

a) To hold the substrate in such a way as to strain the bonds so they are easier to break. or
b) To hold the substrate in such a way, as to allow new bonds to form.

12 / 20

Which letter represents the active site in this diagram?

13 / 20

Which letter represents the enzyme-substrate complex in this diagram?

14 / 20

Looking at the shape of the substrate, which molecule could it be?

15 / 20

Which word best describes the shape of the substrate?

16 / 20

This model of enzyme action has now been replaced by another more recent one. What is the more recent model called?

17 / 20

Which of the following is true, in the currently accepted model of enzyme action?

18 / 20

A scientist measured the rate of removal of amino acids from a polypeptide with and without an enzyme present. With the enzyme present, 500 amino acids were released per second. Without the enzyme, 2.0 × 10-8 amino acids were released per second. Calculate by how many times the rate of reaction is greater with the enzyme present.

19 / 20

In this reaction, what is the activation energy for the enzyme catalysed reaction?

20 / 20

In this reaction, what percentage difference in energy needed for an enzyme catalysed reaction, compared to an uncatalysed one?

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245

Factors Affecting Enzymes

1 / 25

Which letter on the above graph shows when the enzyme is denatured?

2 / 25

Which letter on the above graph shows when the most enzyme-substrate complexes will be formed?

3 / 25

What has happened to the enzyme when it becomes denatured with a high temperature?

4 / 25

When an enzyme is denatured, which bonds are NOT broken?

5 / 25

On the above graph, lines A and B represent the same enzyme, in identical conditions; the only difference is the temperature.

What would happen to the red line after this point ?

6 / 25

The optimum temperature for this enzyme is actually 40oC. Describe what the line would look like on the above graph.

7 / 25

Which points on the above graph show when the enzyme is denatured?

8 / 25

Which bonds are disrupted by changes in pH?

9 / 25

Which letter on the above graph is the ' Saturation' point?

10 / 25

Why does the graph plateau?

11 / 25

If everything else was kept the same, what effect would adding more enzyme have on the position of the line?

12 / 25

Which line shows the rate when substrate is limited ?

13 / 25

Explain why line B forms a plateau:

14 / 25

Will line A ever plateau if the substrate is unlimited?

15 / 25

Where do competitive inhibitors bind ?

16 / 25

Describe what the line would look like when a competitive inhibitor was added to the reaction.

17 / 25

How do competitive inhibitors bring about a decrease in rate?

18 / 25

How do you reduce the effect of a competitive inhibitor?

19 / 25

Where do non-competitive inhibitors bind?

20 / 25

Describe what the line would look like when a non-competitive inhibitor was added to the reaction.

21 / 25

Explain how non-competitive inhibitors reduce rate.

22 / 25

Will increasing the concentration of substrate cause an increase in the rate of an enzyme inhibited by a non-competitive inhibitor?

23 / 25

Methanol is toxic. It binds to the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase . Ethanol is similar in structure to methanol. One treatment for Methanol poisoning is to drink a lot of ethanol. What type of inhibitor is methanol?

24 / 25

Penicillin works by binding to an enzyme called transpeptidase in bacteria, changing the shape of the active site. When penicillin binds, it means the bacteria can no longer make cross-bridges in the bacterial cell wall. What type of inhibitor is penicillin?

25 / 25

Viagra is a similar shape to cyclic GMP ( cGMP). Both will block an enzyme called PDE5. cGMP causes vasodilation. What sort of inhibitor is Viagra?

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369

Structure of DNA & RNA

1 / 20

DNA and RNA are both polymers of which monomer?

2 / 20

On the above diagram, name the group labelled A

3 / 20

On the above diagram, name the group labelled B.

4 / 20

On the above diagram, name the group labelled C.

5 / 20

Name the pentose sugar found in DNA.

6 / 20

What is the difference in the pentose sugar in DNA, compared to RNA?

7 / 20

Name the type of bond that forms when two DNA monomers attach.

8 / 20

How many types of organic base are there in DNA and RNA?

9 / 20

What base does the 'A' stand for?

10 / 20

What base does the 'C' stand for?

11 / 20

What base does the 'T' stand for?

12 / 20

What type of bond forms between complementary base pairs?

13 / 20

How many bonds form between a 'C' and a 'G' ?

14 / 20

The two strands in DNA are 'antiparallel'. What does antiparallel mean?

15 / 20

The direction each DNA strand is facing is often called 5 prime (written 5') or 3 prime (written 3'). What does this refer to?

16 / 20

In a section of double stranded DNA, there were 62 bases. Of these, 20 were A. How many of the bases were T?

17 / 20

In a section of double stranded DNA, there were 62 bases. Of these, 20 were A. How many of the bases were C?

18 / 20

In a section of double stranded DNA, there were 62 bases. Of these, 20 were A. How many of the bases were G?

19 / 20

Which of the following is not true of RNA?

20 / 20

Which of the following is not true of RNA?

 

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385

DNA Replication

1 / 20

Which enzyme breaks the bonds between complementary base pairs in preparation for DNA replication?

2 / 20

What type of bonds are broken between the DNA bases when replication starts?

3 / 20

Which molecules bind to the exposed bases when DNA becomes single stranded?

4 / 20

Which enzyme works along the template DNA strand, joining new monomers together?

5 / 20

How many bonds form between the Bases C and G when the base pair?

6 / 20

A single DNA strand has two ends - one called 5 prime (5') and one called 3 prime (3'). To which end of the new DNA strand does the enzyme bind in DNA replication?

7 / 20

Which direction does the enzyme move along the template strand A?

8 / 20

In the diagram, what name is given to strand A?

9 / 20

True or False : The enzyme DNA polymerase can only move in one direction along the template strand.

10 / 20

True or False : The enzyme DNA polymerase can only bind to double stranded DNA?

11 / 20

What name is given to the DNA fragments labelled C in the diagram?

12 / 20

Which two letters represent 5' ends of the DNA strand?

13 / 20

The diagram shows a template strand of DNA. Which of the following is the order the first 5 new bases will be added (first in the sequence, would be first to be added)?

14 / 20

Which pair of scientists proved the method by which DNA replicated?

 

15 / 20

By which method does DNA replicate?

16 / 20

In this experiment bacteria were grown in a growth medium containing N15. What isN15?

17 / 20

In this experiment, bacteria were grown for many generations in a medium containing N15. The bacteria were then removed from the N15 , and placed in medium containing .N14.. When The DNA from this first generation was centrifuged ( tube A), what pattern did the DNA bands form?

18 / 20

In this experiment bacteria grown in N15, were then treansfered to N14, and allowed to divide for two generations ( tubeB). Describe what the cenrifuged DNA bands would look like.

19 / 20

If DNA replicated by a Conservative method, what would the DNA bands look like after one generation in N14 medium(Tube A)?

20 / 20

If DNA replicated by a Dispersive method ( fragments from each strand mixed), what would the DNA bands look like after two generations in N14 medium (Tube B)?

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268

ATP, Water and Inorganic Ions

1 / 20

What does ATP stand for?

2 / 20

What is the name of molecule B?

3 / 20

What type of molecule is part C ?

4 / 20

Which process requires the use of ATP?

5 / 20

The average human makes and breaks-down its own body mass in ATP every day ( approximately 70 kg). Why is this?

6 / 20

What type of reaction is involved in the breakdown of ATP?

7 / 20

Which bond is broken when ATP is used?

8 / 20

Name the enzyme involved in the breakdown of ATP

9 / 20

ATP can be used to add a phosphate group onto molecules. What is this process known as?

10 / 20

Which equation represents the action of ATP Synthase?

11 / 20

What charge will be on the hydrogen atoms in this molecule?

12 / 20

What word best describes this molecule?

13 / 20

What type of bond forms between water molecules?

14 / 20

Are the bonds between water molecules stronger or weaker than covalent bonds?

 

15 / 20

Many important substances in biological systems are ionic. What property of water allows these substances to dissolve and make water a good solvent?

16 / 20

Water has a high latent heat of vaporisation, why is this useful to organisms?

17 / 20

Water has a high specific heat capacity, why is this useful to organisms?

18 / 20

An ion with a negative charge is called an anion. Which of the following is NOT an anion?

19 / 20

Which of the following molecules contain a phosphate group?

20 / 20

Hydrogen ionconcentration is used to calculate pH. Which of the following statements is true?

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