Biology Random Retrieval Y13

We cannot see the proteins made by recombinant plasmids, nor the plasmids themselves. How do we know the bacteria have been transformed properly and contain a recombinant plasmid ( = plasmid and new gene fragment) ?

Cancer is often caused by a mutation causing a cell to divide uncontrollably and spread into other tissues. Name the gene that normally slows or reduces cell division:

Which of the following is not coded for by a gene?

Name the method by which DNA replicates.

The probability of an individual having Cyctic Fibrosis is about 1 in 2500 in the UK. What proportion of the population will be carriers?

What does the term 'Codominance' mean?

Which of the above diagrams represents the myofilaments a 'Z line' in muscle?

The image above shows a muscle fibre. Name organelle E

GABA is a neurotransmitter released in some inhibitory synapses in the brain. GABA causes negatively charged chloride ions to enter postsynaptic neurones. Explain how this inhibits postsynaptic neurones

Using the diagram, name B

When an neurone axon is at rest, what charge is the extra cellular fluid compared to the cytoplasm?

• a) Simple Diffusion
• b) Facilitated Diffusion
• c) Active Transport

True or false : Kinesis is a random movement

The above table shows the volume and density of a fresh wood sample, then the volume and density of the same sample after it was dried. Calculate the percentage of water in the sample (water weighs 1g / ml)

In the formula for the calculation of NPP, what does the 'R' stand for?

The diagram above shows one form of anaerobic respiration, name molecule 'Y'.

How many carbon atoms are in a single molecule of Oxaloacetate?

How many reduced NADs have been produced from one glucose molecule by the end of the link reaction?

Name the above process: The ______ _________

How many carbons are present in triose phosphate?

Which graph represents the effect of changing the concentration of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis?

Which of the following molecules require phosphorus? a) Protein b) DNA c) ATP

True or False : Symbiotic fungi generally increase the amount of glucose in a plant.

True or False : Fungi can increase the surface area of roots

External digestion involves the secretion of enzymes outside of the organisms outer-most layer. Which term best describes this?

Is the column for the link reaction in the above diagram correct?

Which part of the mitochondria is represented by B?

Which part of the mitochondria is represented by A?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme used in the Krebs cycle to convert Citrate into the 5C intermediate. IDH1 is an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase. What would happen to the concentration of Acetyl Co A produced by cells exposed to IDH1?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme used in the Krebs cycle to convert Citrate into the 5C intermediate. IDH1 is an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase. What would happen to the volume of Carbon dioxide produced by cells exposed to IDH1?

How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of Citrate?

What happens to triose phosphate when it is converted to molecule X?

What is the net gain of molecule Y at the end of glycolysis?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. What is the saturation point of Normal plants grown in high light?

In the above experiment, chloroplasts were isolated from plants grown at different light intensities. Why did the scientists measure the rate of oxygen produced?

How many molecules of D are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to balance the number of carbon atoms to produce one glucose molecule?

Name molecule F

Name substance B

Which membrane is represented by 'C' on the diagram?

Which letter represents a lamella?

The muscle filament in the above diagram is relaxed, what would happen to the following zones when it contracts?

In the above image, name the unit represented by B.

The cone density is highest on the fovea in the centre of the retina. In a human fovea there are 150 000 cones per mm2. The diameter of a human fovea is 1.2 mm. Calculate the number of cones on the human fovea.

Point C is the point where most colour sensitive photoreceptor cells are located. What is it called?

When an action potential is generated, there is a temporary reversal of the polarity of the neurone membrane at that point. Does this mean that:

Cells wrapped around peripheral neurones contain a membrane with a high content of a fatty substance forming a sheath.

What is the name of this fatty substance? ( Type your answer).

True or False: A stronger stimulus will generate more frequent action potentials.

In order for an action potential to be triggered, a certain number of sodium channels must open, each setting a change in the potential difference.

What name is given to this change in potential difference that must be reached ? (Type your answer)

Why can't a second action potential pass immediately after the first ?

Name the process happening at '4' on the above diagram?

What ion is moving during process '3' on the above diagram?

After a stimulation has occurred, why do ions move out of an axon?

Name protein C in the above diagram.

Honey bees can detect the polarised light from the sun and use it to navigate even in cloudy weather. Is this taxis or kinesis?

True or False : Taxis is when an organism either moves faster in harsh conditions or turns less in harsh conditions.

What would be a suitable control for Went's experiment ?

In root tips growing parallel to the soil, where will the highest concentration of IAA be found ?

What effect does high concentrations of IAA have on shoot tip tissue?

Which of the following is an example of a plant growth factor?

Plant responses to stimuli are controlled by what?

Which type of plants are more likely to be the pioneer species in secondary succession?

Between stages D and E, what will happen to light intensity at ground level?

True or false : Succession involves only the change of biotic factors ( Not abiotic).

What is the word used to describe 'Populations of different species in specific habitat'?

Natural selection can change allele frequencies over time, due to those with the best alleles surviving and reproducing. What is the term used to describe the 'chance' or 'random' selection of alleles in a population?

Which type of selection is human birthweight showing? (As low birth - weight babies and high birth - weight babies are less likely to survive)

Which type of selection is shown by fossils of black bears, showing them becoming bigger during glacial periods ( ice ages)?

Which type of selection is when the number of individuals with a particular characteristic, increase around a middle or mid value, and outliers decrease?

The probability of an individual having Cystic Fibrosis is about 1 in 2500 in the UK. How many individuals will suffer with Cystic Fibrosis in a city of 1.2 million people in it's population?

An Ethiopian breed of cattle has low whey protein in its milk. This is controlled by a dominant allele (M). If 6 % of the herd have low whey protein, what proportion are heterozygotes?

Drosophila fruit flies can have either vestigial wings (w)or wild-type wings (W). If 20% of the population have vestigial wings, what proportion of the population are homozygous dominant?

What does 'p' represent ?

What is the formula for the Hardy Weinberg equation?

The Hardy Weinberg principle only applies to a population that is or has____.

In hamsters two genes are autosomally linked : Fur and Eye colour . Where Ginger fur = G, and White fur =g. Black eyes = B and red eyes = b. In a cross between a homozygous recessive male for both traits and a heterozygous female for both traits , what would be the expected ratio of Ginger & Black eye, White and Black eye, ginger and red eye and white with red eyes?

What is the probability of a colour- blind father and a homozygous dominant female having a colour blind child?

What would be the genotype for a man with colour-blindness (b)?

Marfan Syndrome ( TGF Beta) is dominant (T) to the healthy recessive allele(t) . Having a V shaped hairline (V) is dominant to having a straight hairline (v). What percentage of the offspring of a father = TtVv and a mother TtVv will have Marfan syndrome and a V shaped hair-line ?

How can you tell when an allele is recessive in a pedigree (a family tree)?

What is the definition of 'homozygous'?

In a PCR reaction, the DNA is heated at the start of the cycle to around 95 degrees C. What is the reason for this?

Using bacteria is an example of what type of DNA Amplification?

If the same restriction enzyme is used to make two fragments, what can form between the exposed bases on each end if they are mixed with each other?

What do we call enzymes that cut DNA at specific base sequences?

Which enzyme do we use to convert mRNA into cDNA?

What are iPS cells?

Cell differentiation is the process of stem cells becoming more specialised into different types of cell. e.g. Muscle, bone etc. But what is the cause of this differentiation?

What effect will siRNA have on expression of a gene?

Which molecule does the SIRNA / protein complex (RISC) bind to?

The mRNA travels to the ribosome, where it feeds between the two subunits, exposing the template bases. tRNA molecules each carry a specific amino acid at the top, with a complementary sequence of three bases called an _____7_____ at the bottom. The tRNA anticodons then complementary base pair with the mRNA ____8____.

In the ribosome there are 3 binding sites for tRNA, two where a ____9____ bond is formed between the carried amino acids. These amino acids then form a ____10_____ chain which leaves the ribosome. The third site is a departure site, where the tRNA which has released its amino acid departs to pick up a new amino acid.

Once the entire mRNA sequence has been ____11____, it can either pass into another ribosome to make another polypeptide or be degraded.

Fill in the missing word : Causes of Mutations A mutation is any change to the order of __12___ in the genetic code. These occur naturally as the enzyme _____13_____ replicates the DNA and makes mistakes. The incidence can also be produced due to exposure to certain agents called mutagenic agents. These can be chemicals such as nitrous acid, which converts cytosine to uracil.

Nitrous acid would therefore cause a __14___ mutation. Ethidium Bromide is used to stain DNA during gel electrophoresis. It can insert between bases, acting in a similar way to an addition mutation and therefore causing a __15___ along the rest of the gene. UV radiation is also a mutagenic agent.

It can cause bonds to form between pyrimidine bases ( thymine and cytosine). This bonding causes polymerases to misread or stop working all together at that point.

Fill in the missing word : Causes of Mutations A mutation is any change to the order of __12___ in the genetic code. These occur naturally as the enzyme _____13_____ replicates the DNA and makes mistakes. The incidence can also be produced due to exposure to certain agents called mutagenic agents.

These can be chemicals such as nitrous acid, which converts cytosine to uracil. Nitrous acid would therefore cause a __14___ mutation. Ethidium Bromide is used to stain DNA during gel electrophoresis. It can insert between bases, acting in a similar way to an addition mutation and therefore causing a __15___ along the rest of the gene. UV radiation is also a mutagenic agent.

It can cause bonds to form between pyrimidine bases ( thymine and cytosine). This bonding causes polymerases to misread or stop working all together at that point.

Fill in the missing word : Causes of Mutations A mutation is any change to the order of __12___ in the genetic code. These occur naturally as the enzyme _____13_____ replicates the DNA and makes mistakes.

The incidence can also be produced due to exposure to certain agents called mutagenic agents. These can be chemicals such as nitrous acid, which converts cytosine to uracil. Nitrous acid would therefore cause a __14___ mutation. Ethidium Bromide is used to stain DNA during gel electrophoresis. It can insert between bases, acting in a similar way to an addition mutation and therefore causing a __15___ along the rest of the gene.

UV radiation is also a mutagenic agent. It can cause bonds to form between pyrimidine bases ( thymine and cytosine). This bonding causes polymerases to misread or stop working all together at that point.

What type of mutation causes a sequence of bases to be moved from one location to another?

What does the term 'Degenerate' mean when referring to the genetic code?

Which word describes the sequence of three bases on DNA that code for an amino acid?

Which of the following is not coded for by a gene?

Which type of DNA is not circular?

Name the type of bond that holds the complementary base pairs together.

Which component of a nucleotide contains nitrogen atoms?